THE PROCESS OF WRITING AN ESSAY

Organizing ideas:
W"iting a thesis state$ent

Generating ideas:
Choosing a subject Deci ing on a !u"!ose Na""o#ing o#n a to!ic

Out%ining Co%%ecting ata

Writing the 1st draft:

Int"o uction &o ' Conc%usion

Proofreading

ESSAY
Editing(
)st %e*e% e iting

Final Draft Revising

+n %e*e% e iting

Elements of Good Writing:

SPA
A

su !e"t that 'ou ,no# #e%% an un e"stan A c%ea" #ur#ose -o" #"iting An audien"e that 'ou ha*e i enti-ie

$el# %our &riting sta% fo"used

Topics
Economy Entertainment Environment Health Leaders

of the world Mass media Youth today Technology

3

&"ainsto"$ing on Wo"% Issues

En*i"on$ent World issues . Techno%og' Cu%tu"e

'arro&ing Do&n to#i"s

Entertainme nt
(on"erts
Ro") "on"erts
Rolling Stones
*+, World -our

Entertainme nt
-he .ovies
.ovie $istor%
Earl% $istor%
Silent Film Era

Pu"!ose / T'!e o- W"iting

Pu"!oses o- #"iting

T'!es o- #"iting

To To To To

gi*e in-o"$ation !e"sua e esc"ibe e0!%ain

Desc"i!tion E0!osition Na""ation A"gu$entation

Audien"e
Who$

#i%% 'ou e0!ect to "ea the -ina% !"o uct Re$e$be" that i--e"ent au ience has i--e"ent e0!ectations1 an #i%% ete"$ine
i--e"ent tone i--e"ent choice o#o" s 2 iction3

Ste!s in Gene"ating I eas

Choose

a subject Deci e on a !u"!ose

To in-o"$ To !e"sua e

Na""o#

o#n the subject

Who. When. What. Whe"e. Wh'. Ho#.

The P"ocess o- W"iting

Generating /deas

Choose a subject Deci e on the !u"!ose -o" #"iting the essa' Na""o# o#n the subject W"iting a thesis state$ent Out%ining Co%%ecting ata Int"o ucto"' !a"ag"a!h &o ' Conc%u ing !a"ag"a!h

Organizing ideas

Writing the first draft

Editing0 Revising0 #roofreading 9

Ste!s in O"gani4ing I eas

W"iting a thesis state$ent

A co$!%ete sentence 5ni-ie 1 "est"icte an s!eci-ic &"ainsto"$ing Se%ecting O"gani4ing 7uoting i"ect%' E0!"essing a !e"sona% "eaction Su$$a"i4ing Pa"a!h"asing

6a,ing an out%ine

Co%%ecting ata note ta,ing

10

Thesis State$ent(
Cha"acte"istics

The st"ongest1 c%ea"est state$ent in the essa' A co$!%ete senten"e 2not a tit%e3 Shou% co$e at the beginning o- the essa' 2usu8 at the en o- the int"o ucto"' !a"ag"a!h3

6ust not be a si$!%e state$ent o- -act that "e9ui"es no e%abo"ation Wi%% not be e0!"esse as a 9uestion

Sentence Unified Restricted Specific

Wi%% contain cont"o%%ing i eas

Shou% be s#e"ifi"

Not a gene"a% announce$ent 11

Thesis State$ent(
E0a$!%e

;ague Thesis( Re*ise Thesis(

Si$!%e Fact( Re*ise (

Painting !o"t"aits is a g"eat hobb' Painting !o"t"aits relaxes me1 brings out my creativity1 an makes me popular with the inlaws8 6"s8 &"o#n1 $' neighbo"1 has so$e !ets8 6"s8 &"o#n1 $' neighbo"1 o#ns -ou" cats: these ani$a%s !"esent a serious health hazard in our neighborhood8

12

Good Thesis Statements

To

succeed in an American University, an ESL student must adapt to the new language, the new customs, and the new university system. Gun control laws must e enacted soon! to protect citizens from themselves and each other and to reduce the soaring death rates from both accidental and intentional shootings.
13

Judging Thesis Statements

Original!

" don#t li$e my a%artment& Revision! The most annoying features of my a%artment are an overly efficient air conditioner, malfunctioning showers, and a main lobby packed with staring men.

14

Write a thesis statement:

'hich

e(%lains why you thin$ a certain movie is worth seeing or not worth seeing& 'hich e(%lains how to do something& 'hich recommends a good oo$ and e(%lains what ma$es it good or valua le reading& 'hich warns foreigners a out what to watch out for when they come to )a$arta&
15

I8 I6PACT OF ACID RAIN

A8

FOREST )8 De!"i*ation o- t"ees< *ita% nut"ients +8 A%u$inu$ in soi% =8 Su%-u" in the ai" &8 H56ANS )8 Di"ect e--ect +8 In i"ect e--ect a8 6e"cu"' b8 A%u$inu$ C8 &5I>DINGS AND OTHER STR5CT5RES )8 Co""osion o- bui% ings +8 Co""osion o- statues =8 Co""osion o- b"i ges ?8 Co""osion o- t"ains an ai"!%anes D8 AT6OSPHERE( Aci Ha4e II8 EFFORTS TO STOP F5RTHER DA6AGE A8 PRO6OTING PROTECTION AND REHA&I>ITATION )8 Re uction o- CFC +8 Re uction o- su%-u" e$ission =8 Neut"a%i4ation o- aci &8 PRO6OTING AWARENESS )8 A *e"tise$ents +8 Pa"tici!ation o- schoo% chi% "en 16

Major heading Subheading Subdivisions of subheading

&o ' Pa"ag"a!h Out%ining

Pa"ag"a!h Re%ationshi!s
I8 Int"o uction( Cont"o%%ing i eas Thesis( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ A & C II8 &o ' !a"ag"a!h( To!ic sentence( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ A @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ III8 &o ' !a"ag"a!h( To!ic sentence( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ & @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ I;8 &o ' !a"ag"a!h( C To!ic sentence( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ;8 Conc%usion

Cont"o%%ing i eas in to!ic sentence Su!!o"ting Sentences Cont"o%%ing i eas in to!ic sentence Su!!o"ting Sentences Cont"o%%ing i eas in to!ic sentence Su!!o"ting

17 Sentences

Out%ining

What is an out%ine.

The #"ite"<s #lan -o" his #"iting to $a,e su"e that a%% the !a"ts -it togethe" be-o"e going th"ough the actua% #"iting !"ocess

Fo"$a% *s8 in-o"$a% out%ine An out%ine is e*e%o!e -"o$ a thesis state$ent8

-hesis statement( the gui e to ,ee! #"iting uni-ie Outline( sho#s #hethe" i eas 18 a"e

Points to !on e"

Re-%ect No

#hen $a,ing an out%ine the thesis state$ent

nee to inc%u e the int"o uction an conc%usion const"uctions

Pa"a%%e%

G"a$$atica%%' St"uctu"a%%'
19

-he 1Parallel Form2 Rule

) W"ong
Eng%ish %anguage is constant%' changing8
A8 &8 C8

P"onunciation has change in the !ast ABB 'ea"s8 So$e g"a$$atica% changes8 ;ocabu%a"'8

In ee 1 Eng%ish1 %i,e a%% %i*ing %anguages1 is continua%%' changing in !"onunciation1 g"a$$a"1 an es!ecia%%' *ocabu%a"'8 The Eng%ish %anguage is constant%' changing8

+ Right

A8 &8 C8

P"onunciation G"a$$a" ;ocabu%a"'

In ee 1 Eng%ish1 %i,e a%% %i*ing %anguages1 is continua%%' changing in !"onunciation1 g"a$$a"1 an es!ecia%%' *ocabu%a"'8

= Right

The Eng%ish %anguage is constant%' changing8

A8 &8

P"onunciation has change in the !ast ABB 'ea"s8 So$e changes in the g"a$$a" ha*e occu""e an sti%% occu""ing8 ;ocabu%a"' is the a"ea o- g"eatest change8

C8

In ee 1 Eng%ish1 %i,e a%% %i*ing %anguages1 is continua%%' 20 changing in

The &o ' Pa"ag"a!h Out%ining o- the Essa'

St"uctu"e
6ajo"

hea ing
ing

Subhea

Sub i*isions o- subhea ing

Consistenc'

CI- the"e is no &1 the"e cannot be an A: i- the"e is no +1 the"e cannot be a )8C >ogic 21

Ste!s in $a,ing an out%ine -"o$ a thesis state$ent

&"ainsto"$ing

%isting -"ee #"iting c%uste"ing

Se%ecting O"gani4ing
22

(lustering 314
)8 +8

=8 ?8 A8 D8

W"ite 'ou" to!ic in the cente" o- a b%an, !age an "a# a ci"c%e a"oun it8 Thin, about 'ou" to!ic an #"ite an' i eas that co$e to $in in ci"c%es a"oun the $ain ci"c%e8 Connect these i eas to the cente" #o" #ith a %ine8 Thin, about 'ou" ne# i eas an #"ite $o"e "e%ate in ci"c%es a"oun the$8 Connect 'ou" ne# ci"c%es to thei" co""es!on ing i eas8 When 'ou a"e -inishe 1 'ou" $o"e !"o$ising to!ic #i%% !"obab%' be the one #ith the $ost ci"c%es connecte to it8 23

(lustering 354
"ag "acing hi%% c%i$bing "a%%' stoc, ca" FE) t"ac, o--E"oa en*i"on$entE -"ien %' st'%e bo ' engine t"a*e% sa-et' enginee"ing

auto sho#s co%%ection "esto"ing hobb' ne# bu'ing use c%assic $o e%s i$!act on societ' b"an s

"acing

inte"io"

"ars

histo"' o-

auto$oti*e in ust"' subE in ust"ies

a s

24

(lustering: .odel 314

Poo" !"onunciation Poo" *e"ba% s,i%%s >ac, con-i ence

Ne# %anguage

>ac, *ocabu%a"'

5se inco$!%ete sentences

Co$$unication P"ob%e$s

A$e"icans ta%, too -ast

5nc%ea" e0!"essions

A$e"icans i--icu%t to un e"stan

5se s%ang an i io$s

25

Preliminar% Outline: .odel 354

I8
A8
)8 +8

Co$$unication P"ob%e$s
Poo" *e"ba% s,i%%s
>ac, *ocabu%a"' Poo" !"onunciation

&8
)8 +8 =8 ?8

A$e"icans i--icu%t to un e"stan

5se inco$!%ete sentences 5se unc%ea" e0!"essions Ta%, too -ast 5se s%ang an i io$s

II8

F
26

Outline: .odel 3,4

Inte"nationa% stu ents in the 5nite States -ace co$$unication !"ob%e$s #ith A$e"icans8 I8 Co$$unication P"ob%e$s
A8
)8 +8

&8
)8 +8 =8 ?8

Poo" *e"ba% s,i%%s >ac, *ocabu%a"' Poo" !"onunciation A$e"icans i--icu%t to un e"stan 5se inco$!%ete sentences 5se unc%ea" e0!"essions Ta%, too -ast 5se s%ang an i io$s

I8

F
27

III8

>istening to Eng%ish
A8
)8 +8

$o& to Develo# 6anguage S)ills

I8

To co$$unications $e ia
Ra io T; Cine$a ;i eo

II8

Int"o uction( the nee to e*e%o! %anguage s,i%%s Ta%,ing in Eng%ish

A8

=8 ?8

&8 C8
I;8

&8 )8 +8 =8

Ta%, to nonEA$e"icans in Eng%ish 6a,e A$e"ican -"ien s In the c%ass"oo$ In the co%%ege -aci%ities In !%aces #he"e A$e"icans get togethe"
a8 b8 c8

To con*e"sations To >ectu"es
Rea ing Eng%ish

A8 &8 )8

Rea in c%ass Do Casua% "ea ing in the %ib"a"' >oo, at a ne#s!a!e" ai%'
a8 b8

In ca-ete"ias In iscos In !a",s

)3 +3 =3

>oca% ne#s!a!e" A nationa% !a!e" Wa%% St"eet Gou"na% Ne# Yo", Ti$es Ch"istian Science 6onito"

C8 )8 +8 =8 A8

T"' to %i*e #ith an A$e"ican In the o"$ In a !"i*ate ho$e Sha"ing an a!a"t$ent Ta,e a co%%ege Eng%ish cou"se
I;8

+8
a8 b8

>oo, at a $aga4ine "egu%a"%'

Ti$e1 Ne#s#ee,1 58S8 Ne#s Rea e"<s igest

C8

Hee! *ocabu%a"' %ist o- ne# #o" s -"o$ a%% "ea ings

W"iting Eng%ish

A8

)
I;8

&8 C8

Hee! a ai%' jou"na% Co""es!on in Eng%ish + Ta,e a s!ecia% #"iting cou"se

Conc%usion

28