HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

Physical Education and Sports

• Is a standards-based program of curricula and instruction designed to develop motor skills,

knowledge, and behaviors of healthy active living, physical fitness, sportsmanship, self-
efficacy, and emotional intelligence of a person.

• The history of physical education and Sports dates back to ancient Greece, where
competition and intensity were second nature. During this time, physical education proved
to be important because it was a necessity in training both Greek soldiers and athletes.
During this time also many people influenced and create a new improvement to the life of
physical Education and sports.

Status of Physical Education in Ancient Oriental Country

• -The ancient oriental nation in which we can learn most with respect to physical education
are China, India, Egypt, Persia, Greece, and Rome

1.CHINA- The civilization of the China is considered the oldest in the word. The nature mountain,
Range of Himalayas Mountain, and The Great wall of China assured the safety of the Country from
invaders so there was no need for education and military training.

-1) To keep the body organs functioning normally.

2) To prolong Life.

3)To insure the immortality of the soul.

-They believed that Generation and atrophy of body system were the result of organic inactivity. It
was recorded, that since 2600BC, the Chinese monk developed a series of medical exercise they
called Kung Fu.

2. INDIA- This is a land of religious and mystic philosophies. Hinduism was the dominant teaching.
Similarly, Ancient India did very little foster physical education. However, some boxing and wrestling
existed, and temple dancing was religious activity of young girls who spent years in perfecting a art
as part of their spiritual and mental training they practice yoga.

3. EGYPT- This ancient Egyptians were of a scientific and practical turn of mind and did not have
mystic religious beliefs. Children of the upper class were young in court school.

-They promote and engaged in variety of sorts and pastimes, largely for fun and recreation, but
there was no express idea that such actives contributed to body development. sports were popular
in ancient Egypt are swimming, and exercises which developed which develop skills for was were
considered useful.

4.PERCIA- There early Education began at home by mothers who taught their children, virtuous of
truth obedience. They were strong and sturdy race who believed in and practiced a vigorous physical
training program largely for military reasons.

-At the age of 6, boys were taken by the state for physical and military training. They would undergo
exercises like running, swimming, using bow and arrow, and throwing javelins.

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-When he reaches 7, more physical exercises were given like causing streams hunting and killing
animals, marching, archery, horseback-riding and athletic sports.

5.GREECE. - The Greeks where the first people in Europe to attain the high degree of civilization the
Homeric ages (1000-700BC)

the Greeks lies a simple and rustic life physical training in this period chariot races, boxing matches,
wrestling and foot races. and money was not use as incessive to any competitions.

-Early educations in Greece saw Physical education rise to a place of honor that have never been
attained in the schools and collages of modern World.

-Emphasis on developing beautiful and serviceable body promoted these teachers to employ the
activities of running, throwing, jumping and wrestling.

-Finally, many of these activities were grouped into the pentathlon, which become an essential part
of the Olympic games, and now from basis of American track and field events. Along with the
pentathlon was the pankration a combination of boxing and wrestling

>Greece was divided into two major parts

1.SPARTA-Had a different view of education

-Spartans Were patriotic and war like people

-During this period Sparta employed a system of gymnastic for a purpose different from
Athenians.

2.ATHENS-The aim of Athenians education was the fit the boys for social, Political, military, and
religious life.

>Three main studies included in the educational system of athens

1.GYMNASTICS

2.GRAMMAR

3.MUSIC

-The Boy in ancient Athens where first brought to the palestras

-Women had no education and social positions

6.ROME-Social forces in Rome caused the people to have a different conception of physical
education than that held in Athens

-Educational system of the romans never gave high tributes in Gymnastic.

-Many romans look upon Gymnastic, dancing and music as marks of effeminacy. Boys would play,
And the roman youth gain a physical development through games and sports, us not as an organized
school

-The preparation of the officers from the upper classes includes feats

of horsemanship and intensified program of gymnastic. The officers

Took pride in demonstrating these skills in Rome and throughout the

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provincial cities. At one period in roman History, the gladiatorial combats in the colosseum kindled
marked public interest, but they had nothing to do with the Physical education of the Masses.

Date of First Olympics games during Athens

The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece as many as 3,000 years ago, were revived in
the late 19th century and have become the world’s preeminent sporting competition. From the 8th
century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., the Games were held every four years in Olympia, located in the
western Peloponnese peninsula, in honor of the god Zeus. The first modern Olympics took place in
1896 in Athens, and featured 280 participants from 12 nations, competing in 43 events. Since 1994,
the Summer and Winter Olympic Games have been held separately and have alternated every two
years.

Physical Education in Middle Ages (6th-13th Century)

Middle Ages

- period in the history from the fall of ROME in A.D. 476

- first part of this era is the "DARK AGES"

Dark Ages

- Roman culture disintegrated

- Beautiful buildings, highways and other public property were allowed to deteriorate

- Sculptures, Paintings, and Manuscripts were destroyed except for those rescued by the monks
and hidden in churches.

-Some people view Middle Ages and Dark Ages as DRAB PERIOD between Roman & Renaissance Era

-Believed in a saying that, "The mind a despot, the body a serf"

- Several historians look Middle Ages as period of REAL SOCIAL PROGRESS

-During this time, there was no physical education as such

Regulations prohibited in the strongest terms the participation by students in such activities;

*Fighting

*Gambling

*Tennis

*Singing

*Playing musical instruments

*Keeping pets; bears, dogs, hawks, parrots, monkeys & wolves.

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-During latter part of the Middle Ages, education progressed

- People engaged in all sorts of physical activities (e.g., fight mock wars, dance & enjoyed music) and
recreations (horse riding & code of chivalry).

Physical Education During the Renaissance Period

- This period characterized as the transition to modern intellectual life where in Education dealt
mainly with the return to individualism, self-improvement and self-culture of the mind. Hence the
aim of education was the:

>Joy of living

>Pleasure and Satisfaction in life

>Appreciation of beauty

- The interest in physical education in the renaissance school gradually dwindled and education in
general reverted to an increased emphasis upon books.

Influence of the Renaissance

- Although some historians regard the renaissance meaning (rebirth) as a rival of interest of
classic, it was more than that it represents an acceleration of economics, political, social, and
religious change as well as intellectual and artistic transformation.

Vittorino de Faltre

- During the renaissance Period a man named, Vittorino de Faltre of Italy from University of
Padua to the court o the prince of mantua, taught the children of nobility, attempt to enlarge
the upon the classical, idea of the liberal arts and to incorporate in it the well-rounded
development brought about by physical exercises, games, sports and athletic contest.

Vittorino de Faltre may had in mind the values inherent in the activities themselves or he may have
though that physical education may increase the ability of students in intellectual studies.

-above all he wanted school children to be happy.

-Vittorino de Faltre is also considered as the greatest humanist school master During the
renaissance period.

-At Mantua, Vittorino set up a school at which he taught the marquis's children and the children of
other prominent families — both sons and daughters — together with many poor children whom
he charged no fee, treating them all on an equal footing.

The three main sports during the renaissance period

-Although many sports were introduced during the Renaissance period; football, lawn bowling, and
tennis were the three main sports that influenced today's time period the most. The Renaissance
period was a time of change and rebirth. During this period, the rise of the Middle Class occurred.

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Physical Education in the 18th Century

-Systems of formal Gymnastics flourished in Europe keeping the military preparedness. Clubs and
Organizations began to grow which emphasized Physical Education.

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn was the leader of the German Turnverein,” Turnen" to exercise, “Verien"
pertains to club.

This system favored a harmonious development of the body, mind, and character instead of the
specialized development of any part of the body.

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn

Certain aspects of health instruction were already present in some German schools. None was
attempt in other English-speaking countries.

From 1860, Germany became the leader in gymnastics. The leading states of Germany established
normal schools for teachers in Physical Education.

-Denmark and Sweden were the two countries which placed emphasis in the importance of Physical
Education. Various courses in gymnastics were established in many teachers’ colleges. In 1804, the
Military Gymnastics Institute, the first gymnastic normal school of modern time established.

-Like Denmark, the Swedish government began with the militant motive for national participation in
Gymnastics.

Per Henrik Ling founded and organized the Royal Institute of Gymnastics in Stockholm in 1814,
where Physical Education teachers were trained. Ling emphasized the corrective ang curative values
of Gymnastics.

In 1822, the Government obtained the services of Swiss Pholion Olias, who look charge of all physical
training in the military and naval schools.

- Maclaren, the author of "A system of Physical Education emphasized the Physical training and
Mental training should go hand and hand and each should benefit each other.

-During the colonial period in the history of the United States, there was no organized gymnastics.
The Puritans were very religious and social teaching made life a very serious affair that there was no
time for play.

-After the colonial grammar schools were displaced by the academies, a new movement toward
Physical Education placed more emphasis on the development of physical welfare.

The West Point Military Academy, created in 1802 included physical education and military drill in
the curriculum.

• Thomas Jefferson opined the physical education is a part of a general education. He was
joined by Horace Mann and Henry Bernard when they commented that "Education for
health was necessary for completed education.

• It was supported further by Noah Webster when he said and I quote," It should be the
business of young persons to assist nature and strengthen the growing frame of athletic
exercise.

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Physical Education in 19th Century

-The fundamental idea of Physical Education sprang from teachings of such men as "Roseann"
who advocated the education of the whole man, schools for the masses, and respect for
individual. Personality. The idea came or directly from Jahn and his followers who acclaimed the
values of physical activity for health, moral discipline and national patriotism.

The German system of heavy apparatus and gymnastics spread to many schools and colleges of
U.S.A. Physical Education in this country began as a service to education rather than as a
medium of expression through which the youth might acquire long lasting benefits. The Swedish
found its way to influence American Physical Education. The system of gymnastics devised by
ling developed a system of exercise to overcome physical weakness and defects throughout the
children. The outbreak of cholera in London started the consciousness of public health which
brought inter-importance of physical education and health education during 1830.

Dr. Diocletian Lewis

-Dr. Diocletian Lewis, a doctor of medicine, suggest that light wood dumbbells were better
suited to the real practice of gymnastics than those of Iron. And exercises must be accompanied
by music. Precession and Grace are necessary in the execution of the exercise. Also, a work of
Francoise Delsarte, a French vocal and dramatic teacher, found that poses and dramatic gestures
can be learned easily through certain physical exercises.

-The 19th century, Europe gave evidences of changes in education. Germany widened it
curriculum to include drawing, nature study, music and etc. But still Religious and moral
education remained the priority of German Education Curriculum. France also widened its
curriculum and in addition boys engaged military gymnastics while girls practice meddle work.

Friedrich Froebel

-Froebel made significant contributions to the theory and practice of education in the schools of
Germany and Switzerland. He believes that playing activities is the best way or avenues for
ensuring growth and development of young children and enrich the moral, emotional, physical,
and intellect life of a child. Institutions and Ideas from Europe continued to influence United
States of America.

-In spite of the Ideas of Froebel and Pestalozzi, variety of social ideas in the United States
affected the development of Education. About 1850, Horace Mann established the foundation
for health education and physical education he said that "the care of the physical body, should
receive attention along with instruction in the arts and sciences.

-Teacher education gained prominence in the 19th century with the inauguration of normal
schools. Horace Mann instituted the first us, physical education looks heavy apparatus and
gymnastics system founded by Jahn.

-At this period, programs if carefully prescribed mass exercises were conducted with military
precision. The physical activities served the schools and colleges as an outlet for the suppressed
physical energy of youth associated with long hours of study cramped surroundings.

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Physical education in 21st Century

What are 21st Century Learning Skills?

-All content areas should allow students opportunity to grow competent in:

•Risk Taking

•Collaboration Skills

•Critical Thinking

•Creativity

•Communication

•Civic Responsibility

Curriculum should be developed with the above skills in mind and teachers should plan,
implement and assess activities gained in addition to the development of these skills. Of course,
as students age, the complexity of both the content, skills and their range of application (and
evaluation) increase.

Not only are these 21st Century Learner skills important, they are natural skills to foster in
physical activity settings such as physical education. In physical education, the aim is to foster
physical literacy in learners. Every administrator should understand the differences in the
following definitions. As well, it is our job, as physical educators, to make sure that they do.

Physical Activity - exercise, sports, games, fitness, etc. Physical activity should occur throughout
a lifespan. A combination of strength and cardiovascular activity is great for health and disease
prevention. Cardiovascular activity is optimal when at moderate to vigorous intensities for at
least 30-60 minutes more days than not. There are specific recommendations for different ages
but this is just a brief summary.

Physical Education- a subject in school where students are taught a curriculum developed to
support students in growing as physically literate people.

Individuals who are physically literate move with competence and confidence in a wide variety
of physical activities in multiple environments that benefit the healthy development of the
whole person.

Physically literate individuals consistently develop the motivation and ability to understand,
communicate, apply, and analyze different forms of movement.

They are able to demonstrate a variety of movements confidently, competently, creatively and
strategically across a wide range of health-related physical activities.

These skills enable individuals to make healthy, active choices that are both beneficial to and
respectful of their whole self, others, and their environment.

Physical Inactivity: A 21st Century Health Problem

-Research has shown that one of the biggest health problems of the 21st century is physical
inactivity. Not obesity (although that does lead to many health problems), but physical inactivity

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(re: You can be very thin and still have health problems due to physical inactivity). That’s why we
should always focus on health prevention and avoid the “I just want to fit into this outfit”
mentality. Physical inactivity increases disease, inflammation, and certainly stress (among
others).

Physical Education and 21st Century Learners

Why physical education is so important in the 21st century?

-Research concludes that physical education leads to increases in academic performance or no

change in academic performance. In other words, physical activity received during physical
education classes does not hinder academic achievement in other content areas. Additional
positive associations between physical activity and academic performance have been
determined (Ratey and Hagerman 2008; Tremblay, Inman and Wilms 2000).

-In addition, physical literacy is a 21st-century term that first emerged in the sport literature
before also being applied to physical education. The concept of physical literacy covers a variety
of conditions for a student.[3] Whether it is motivation, confidence, physical competence,
knowledge and understanding for student. Teachers implement these different concepts into
their lesson plans to teach and develop students accordingly and appropriately for their
individual success and education.

Whether the class produces positive effects on students' health, behavior, and academic
performance depends upon the kind of program that is taught.[4] Physical Education programs
vary all over the world. However, there are worldwide organizations that allow for a better
understanding of how much exercise a child should be getting daily. Popular games in PE include
football, netball, hockey, rounders, athletics and cricket.