TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS THAT IS BEING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Construction Equipment Management (operations)

It plays significant role in execution of modern high cost time

bound construction projects. Present time construction equipment in construction work it has become an indispensable item of resources. It produces output at an accelerated speed, and completion of task in limited time. Equipment saves manpower which is becoming scarce, costly and more demanding day by day. It improves productivity, quality, and safety. Equipment planning means to identify the construction equipment for execution of project task. It needs
1. 2.

Assessing performance capability Assessing date wise requirement numbers and type of equipment, and finally participating in the selection of equipment to be required.

 While submitting their bits and even for monitoring output

of equipment requires the data in respect of various elements of cost constituting owning and operating cost as wells the output. Proper selection of equipment timely requirement and getting in time repair and good maintenance will improve workability, intern production and timely completion projects. Data of equipment is required for generally used in construction project which is helpful to
1. 2. 3.

Engineers Quantity surveyors Builders.

Today machines are used in every field and every stage

of construction. Reduction in cost of construction has become the central theme to survive and grow in construction business. Therefore wherever machines save the cost in laboring give superior finish in all such works machines are being employed.

Cost Parameter of Time

Rupee today is more worth than tomorrow.

Inflation reduces value of money over time. Large projects and heavy cost is undertaken after a careful calculating its cost over a completion time. Large projects two to ten years duration. If the project is not completed during this period the cost due to inflation becomes so high that the project may run into investment crunch and thus the whole investment may go waste. Thus the strict time restriction in which huge output of construction is to be achieved make the use of machine inevitable.

 Infrastructure development is the key to the

development of the nation .Immediately after independence; India has embarked upon a massive Programmes of development. Infrastructure development involves movement of large amount of construction materials in short time as well as shifting heavy loads. Manual labour has many limitations and use of machines facilities undertaking and completing large hazardousworks in a given time frame, machines also become financially advantageous at certain magnitude of work.

 The various construction tasks which can be performed

with equipments includes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Surveying Excavation Hauling Transportation Compaction Grading Hoisting concreting Pre-casting Plastering, Finishing, Trenching, Pipe laying, Cable laying etc.

Support equipments at Project site such as Generators,

Pumping sets, Treatment Plants, and other utility service equipments etc.

 In the construction equipment one should know

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.
6. 7.

Classification of major equipment. Earth factor in earth work Earth excavating equipment Earth cutting and hauling equipment Earth compaction and grading Concreting Plant &Equipment. Cranes for material handling.

STAGE
PRELIMENARY SITE DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION SUPER STRUCTURE WATERBODIES MANAGEMENT,FINISHING TUNNELINING CANALS TUNNELING CANALS ROAD MAKING, ASPHALTING

TYPE OF WORK
EARTH MOVING EXCAVATING , GRABBING ,CLEARANCE SHORT TRANSPORTATION OF SOIL LONG TANSPORTATION COMPACTING, EXCAVATING LOADING DIGGING DEWATERING ROCK BREAKING CONCREATING MATERIAL HANDLING PLASTERING STONE CUTTING DRILLING, DIGGING EARTH MOVING CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE FINISHING

MACHINERIES
DOZERS TRACK OR WHEELED SCRAPPERS DUMPERS , TIPPERS HEAVY ROLERS SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS VIBRATING ROLLERS COMPACTING MACHINE PUMPS POWE HAMMERS COMPOSITE MACHINES PNEUMATIC TOOLS MIXERS,CONVAYOR BELTS,AGITATORS, VIBRATORS TOWER CRANES, MOBILE CRANES PLASTERING MACHINES POWER SAWS AIR COMPRESSORS, EXCAVATORS, BACK HOE, MOTER GRADERS, PAVERS HOT MIXER PLANT

DOZER TRACK

SCRAPER

DUMPER

TIPPER

HEAVY ROLLER

SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

VIBRATING ROLLER

POWER HAMMER

PNEUMATIC TOOLS

MIXER , CONVEYOR BELT

CONVEYOR BELT

 PRIMARY EARTH EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT

S ARE THE TRACTOR MOUNTED EXCAVATORS .IT OPERATES ON STATIONARY MOOD .THEY DUMP EXCAVATED MATERIALS ON THE SIDES OR DIRECTILY INTO THE WAITING TIPPERS /DUMP TRACK THEY GRADUALLY MOVE THE POSITION AS THE WORK PROGRESS

 FACE SHAVELS
IT OPERATES FROM A FLAT

SURFACE,PRODUCING UPWORD DIGGING ACTION ,EXCAVATING AND FILLING THE BUCKET AS IT CLIMBES.AFTER THE BUCKET FILLED ITS UPPER PART SWING S TO THE DUMPING POSITION WHER THE BUCKET EMPTIED IN A WAITING TRUCK. THERE AFTER IT RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION AND STARTS THE NEXT CYCLE OF EXCAVATION . BUCKET CAPACITY VARIES FROM 0.3M3 TO 3.25M3 AND ITS CUTTING LENGTH VARIES FROM 7M TO 10.5M

FACE SHOVEL

 BACK HOE OR EXCAVATORS

IT IS PRIMARILY USED FOR EXCAVATING

BELOW ITS TRACK LEVELS BACK HOE ARE GENERALLY TRACK MOUNTED BUT SMALL CAPACITY EQUIPMENT HAVE WHEEL MOUNTED TO ADD TO THEIR MOBILITY BUCKETS HAVING STRUCK CAPACITY 0.38 M3 TO 3.25M3 CAPABILITY OF DIGGING DEPTH FROM 5M TO 9.5 M .

BACK HOE

EARTH EXCAVATING AND FITTING EQUIPMENT

TYPE OF EQUIPMENT

FEATURE
BUCKET SIZE ENGINE HP 0.38 50 0.57 75 0.76 100

1.14 1.53 2.30 130 160

BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY

200

1. FACE SHOVEL

MAXIMUM CUTTING 7.0 Ht(M) IDEAL OUTPUT /Hr (LOOSE , EASY DIGGING) 60

7.0 10. 90 300 6.5 9.0 72 240

7.0

7.5

8.5

120

180

220

2. BACK HOE OR EXCAVATER

MAXIMUM DIGGING DEPTH (M)

5.0

7.5

8.0

9.0

IDEAL OUTPUT / HR

48

96

144

176

OUTPUT PLANNING DATA

PLANNED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT *

CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR IDEAL OUTPUT = BUCKET OUTPUT/CYCLE* NO OF CYCLES/HR BUCKET OUTPUT /CYCLE = BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY NO OF CYCLES = 60/EACH CYCLE TIME IN MIN

CORRECTION FACTOR
OUTPUT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR SECONDARY TASK
EQUIPMENT SHOVEL NATURE OF SECONDARY TASK MOVEMENT FROM EXCAVATING PLACE TO MALVADING PLACE 1.WITHIN VICINITY 2. LITTLE MOVEMENT 3. APPRECIABLE MOVEMENT BACK HOE TASK TASK n n

1.0 0.6 TO 0.9 0.4 TO 0.6

TRENCHING
1. EQUAL TO BUCKET WIDTH 1.0

2. MORE THAN BUCKET WIDTH WIDTH

0.7 TO 0.9

CORRECTION FACTOR
EQUIPMENT
FACE SHOVEL BACK HOE

FACTOR MULTIPLIES
1.00 0.80

SOIL DIGGING FACTOR DIGGING EFFORT FACTOR

MULTIPLIES
EASY DIGGING
MEDIUM DIGGING

1.00
0.85

SWING FACTOR
ANGLE OF SWING FACTOR VALUE
45 60 75 90 120 150 180 1.2 1.16 1.07 1.0 0.88 0.79 0.71

LOAD CASTING FACTOR

METHOD OF CASTING FACTOR OPEN AREA SIDE CASTING LOADING IN VEHICLE 1.0 0.8 MULTIPLIES RESTRICTED AREA 0.8 0.6

EXAMPLE
ESTIMATE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION IN BULK

VOL (CCM) OF A BACK HOE WITH BUCKET CAPACITY OF 0.96cum EMPLOYED ON EXCAVATION OF A FOUNDATIN FOUR METRES DEEP IN HARD DIGGING SOIL . THE EXCAVATED EARTH IS TO BE LOADED IN WAILING DUMP TRACKS PLACED AT A SWING ANGLE OF 75 . THE EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IS 83% IDEAL OUTPUT ASSUMED 150 CUBIC M/HR BACKHOE OUTPUT USING EQUIPMT CONVERSION = A* 0.8

CORRECTION FACTOR
SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING - 0.67 FOOD FACTOR FOR LOADING INTO VEHICLE

0.87 SWING FACTOR FOR 75 - 1.05 CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.87*1.05 = 0.56 PERFORMANCY n = 0.83 HENCE EXPECTED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE n = 150*0.8*0.56*0.83 = 56 cubm/hr

HAULING EQUIPMENT
REAR DUMPER TIPPER AND REAR DUMPER

TRICULOR AS HIGH WAY HAULING GENERALLY FRONT END LOADERS AND EXCAVATORS ARE USED TO LOAD TIPPERS AND DUMPERS THE NO OF HAULAGE VEHICLE REQUIRED = 1 + CYCLE TIME / TRIP OF VEHICLE/LOAD FILLING TIME OF VEHICLE

HAULING EQUIPMENT

PROBLEM
CONSTRUCTION OF A MILITARY HELIPAD AT AN

ATTITUDE OF 2400 m INVOLVES 80,000 CUBM (LOOSE) OF AREA EXCAVATION OF SOFT SOIL . THE TASK IS TO BE COMPLETED IN 200 WORKING HRS . THE COMPANY ENTRUSTED WITH THE EXECUTION OF THE TASK HAS TOO DOZER EACH WITH AN OUTPUT OF 220CUBM/HR UNDER JOB CONDITION. IT ALSO HOLDS WHEELAND 22 CUBM DUMP TRUCKS ONE LOADER CAN LOAD IN TRUCKS BOUT 120CUBM OF EXCAVATED SOIL/Hr THE DUMP TRUCK CYCLE TIME FOR DISPOSED OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS IN 35 MINUTES . THIS INCLUDES 7 MINUTES OF LOADING TIME BY A LOADER TEAM CONSISTING OF 2 LOADERS

 ESTIMATE THE OUTPUT OF FRONT END

LOADER FOR LOADING EXCAVATED SOIL HEAP INTO DUMP TRUCKS AND DETERMINE APPROXIMATELY THE NO OF DOZERS , LOADERS AND DUMPERS REQUIRED TO COMPLTE THE TASK ON TIME

 ATTITUDE AT HEIGHT OF 2400 cm THE SOIL REQUIRED FOR HELIPAD IS 80888 CUBcm TIME PERIOD OF COMPLETION 200 HRS

MACHINERIES USED DOZERS - 2NOS

OUTPUT OF EACH DOZER IS 220CUBM/HR ALSO WHEEL LOADER MACHINE IS USED CAPACITY OF EACH BUCKET IS 22CUBM WHEEL LOADER OUTPUT/HR 120CUBM/HR EACH CYCLE TIME OF DUMP TRUCK 35 MIN TIME OF FRONT END LOADER ?

NO OF DOERS , LOADERS ,DUMPER?

 NOW

OUTPUT/HR OF EACH DOZER 220CUBM/HR

TOTAL WORKING HR OF EACH DOZER 200 OUTPUT = 220 * 200 = 44000 CUBM EXCAVATION QUANTITY = 80000CUBM NO OF DOZERS = 80000/44000 = 1.8 i.e 2 DOZER

 LOADERS REQUIRED = EXCAVATION /HR BY

DOZERS/ LOADER OUTPUT /HR = NO OF DOZERS*DOZEROUTPUT/HR LOADER OUTPUT /HR = 2*220/120 = 4 LOADERS 1 DOZER = 2 LOADER (1 TEAM) 2 TEAMS

 DUMPERS REQUIRED FOR EACH LOAD OF

1 + DUMPER CYCLE TIME LOADING TIME = 1+ 35/7 = 1+5 = 6 TOTAL DUMPERS REQUIRED = 6*2 = 12

TEAM =

LOADER
FRONT END WHEEL LOADER ARE

GENERALLY AVAILABLE AND THEY ARE EQUIPPED WITH A FRONT MOUNTED GENERAL PURPOSE BUCKET EACH TRANSPORTER FOR SHORT DISTANCE IT IS AVAILABLE AS WHEEL MOUNTED AND TRACK MOUNTED IT CAN SPREAD AND COMPACT THE FILLING MATERIAL

OUTPUT DATA
THE OUTPUT DEPENDS UPON THE SIZE OF

BUCKET AND HP OF ENGINE BUCKET CAPACITY ARE SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER EITHER IN TERMS OF HEAPED CAPACITY OR STRUCK CAPACITY PLANNING IN MODE ON LOOSE SOIL STRUCK CAPACITY OF THE BUCKET HEAPED CAPACITY IS CONVERTED TO STRUCK CAPACITY BUCKET CAPACITY = BUCKET HEAPED CAPACITY * FILL FACTOR

FILL FACTOR
NATURE OF SOIL
COMMON EARTH

BUCKET FILL FACTOR

0.95

SAND AND GRAVEL

0.95

HARD CLAY

0.80

BLASTED ROCK

0.70

BULL DOZER
IT IS ONE OF THE HEAVY EARTH MOVING

MACHINERY USED FOR , IT COME UNDER EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP. 1.DITCHING 2.GRUBBING 3.STUMPING 4.PIONEERING 5.STRIPPING 6.MOVING AND LEVELLING

BULL DOZER
IT IS TO CUT AND SHIFT EARTH FROM ONE

PLACE TO OTHER . THEY ARE AVAILABLE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES IT IS A VERSATILE MACHINE BULL DOZER IS USED TO MOVE EARTH UPTO 100m EXCAVATING TO A SHALLOW DEPTH OF 200m AT A TIME OTHER TYPES OF EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP 1.FRONT END LOADER 2.TOWED SCRAPER 3.MOTORISED SCRAPER

BULL DOZER

 IT COMES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF

BLADES(4NO) S BLADE STRAIGHT USED FOR FORWARD PUSHING OF EARTH U BLADE IT HAS LARGE CAPACITY AND IS USED FOR PUSHING LOOSE MATERIAL ANGLE A BLADE FOR PUSHING SOIL TO ONE SIDE , IT IS REQUIRED IN HILL ROAD FORMATION CUTTING P BLADE FOR PUSH LOADING A SCRAPPER

BULL DOZER OUTPUT

DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT = DOZER IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT * PERFORMANCE FACTORS DOZER PLANNING DATA =

NOW CORRECTION FACTORS DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS 1 . BLADE FACTOR S A U 1.00 0.75 1.25

2.

TRANSMISSION FACTOR

- 80% OF IDEAL OUTPUT

 3.GRADE FACTOR - AS PER SLOPE

FOR PLANNING PURPOSE IT CAN BE TAKEN AS DOWN HILL +2.5 * GRADE %

UP HILL -2 * GRADE %

4. DIGGING SOILEFFORT FACTOR NATURE OF SOIL

EASY DIG MEDIUM DIG SAND,GRAVEL COMMON EARTH IN NATURAL STATE HARD STUFF CLAY , SOFT ROCK

SOIL FACTOR 1.0 0.85

HARD DIG

0.67

 5.SWING FACTOR

IN PLACE (OR BANK) VOLUME = BULK VOL SWELL FACTOR

FLY WHEEL HP ONE WAY HAUL DISTANCE IN METRES 15M 60 -75 75 - 125 125 - 200 200 275 220 375 514 705 30M 115 195 266 350 45M 78 132 180 246 60M 73 123 169 229

EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE OUTPUT OF A BULL DOZER

HAVING 215 HP ENGINE FILLED WITH A GRADE RATEDCAPACITY 4.40CUBM THE DOZER IS EMPLOYED FOR EXCAVATING A HARD CLAYED AREA WITH AVERAGE HAULAGE OF 50M ON A GROUND WITH DOWN SLOPE OF 10% .IT HAS A DIRECT DRIVE TRANSMISSION AND ITS EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IN 50MIN/HR SOLUTION OUTPUT/HR = IDEAL OUTPUT/HR*CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR

 1. IDEAL OUTPUT/HR FOR 50M HAULAGE OF 215 HP

DOZER WITH S BLADE OF CAPACITY 4.4CUBM = 200CUBM/HR 2. CORRECTION FACTOR APPLICABLE SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING= 0.67 BLADE FACTOR FOR ABLADE = 0.65 GRADE FACTOR FOR 10% DOWN GRADE ASSISTANCE = 1+ 2.5 * 10% = 1.25 TRANSMISSION FACTOR FOR DIRECT DRIVE 0.8 SWELLING FACTOR OF CLAYED SOIL 1.3 LOOSE VOL BANK VOL = 1/1.3 CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.65*1.25*0.8*0.4355*1/1.3= 0.335 PERFORMANCE FACTOR FOR 50MIN/HR = 0.83 OUTPUT = 200 *0.83*0.335 = 55.61CUBM/HR

COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

SMOOTH DRUM VIBRATION , PADDED , DUAL DRUM ASPHALT NOW PRODUCTION OF SPREADING EQUIPMENT TIME FOR COMPLETING JOB: NO OF PASSES *DISTANCE IN Km AVG SPEED IN Km/Hr * n FACTOR

COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON THE

COMPACTED THICKNESS OF MATERIAL AVERAGE SPEED FLY WHEEL POWER WEIGHT OF OPERATING FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION

 COMPACTED SOIL /SUB BASE /ASPHALTICCONCRETE IM

CUBM/HR = W*S*L*0.83 P W= EFFECTIVE ROLLING WITH WIDTH OF COMPACTION (M) S= AVERAGE SPEED OF COMPACTION (M/HR) L = COMPACTED THICKNESS OF THE MATERIAL P= NO OF PASSES REQD TO ACHIEVE DESIRED COMPACTION ( DEPENDS UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF COMPACTIONAND THE REQD DENSITY TO ACHIEVE) WHILE SELECTING THE ROLLER OR WIDTH IN RELATION TO WIDTH OF THE LAYDOWN LANE TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION NO OF PASSES DEPEND UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF THE COMPACTER AND THE REQUIREMENT OF DENSITY TO BE ACHEIVED

CRANES AND HOISTS

CRANES ARE HOISTING DEVICES AND THEY

ARE USED FOR LIFTING MATERIAL/ EQUIPMENTS MACHINERY BASICALLY THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES OF CRANES 1. MOBILE CRANES 2.TOWER CRANES

 MOBILE CRANES ARE THE BEST MEANS FOR

LIFTING AND SHIFTING OF SMALL TO HEAVY LOADS. THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES 1.GRAWLER MOUNTED CRANES 2. SELF PROPELLED RUBBER TYRED WHEELS CRANE 3. TRUCK MOUNTED TOWER CRANES 1.STATIONARY CRANES 2.TRAVELLING CRANES 3.CLIMBING CRANES

MOBILE CRANE CRANE

TOWER

ESTIMATING CRANE OUTPUT

CAPACITY TO HANDLE LOAD = GRA=OVE

OUTPUT/HR= LOAD/CYCLE* CYCLES/HR TO REFER MACHINERY MANUAL FOR LOAD/CYCLE AND CYCLES/HR

ACTIVITY HOOKING LOAD AT g. l

RAISING LOAD FROM g.l TO A HT OR 30m AT 60 m/min Slewing through 120deg at 60 deg/min TRAVELLING ON RAILS FOR 45 m AT 30m/min MOVING TROLLEY AT JIP LEVEL FOR UNLOADING AND POSITIONING BY 15m AT 15m /min

1.0MIN 0.5MIN 2.0MIN 1.5MIN 1.0MIN

UNHOOKING LOAD
LOWERING LOAD BY 5M at 60 TO 100 m/min and resting at THE PROPER PLACE RAISING HOOK BY 5 METRES (OVERTAPPING) SLEWING ORIGINAL LOADING POSITION

1.0MIN
1.0MIN 0.0MIN 1.0MIN

MOVING TROLLEY AT JIB LEVEL TO OADING POSTN

TRAVELLING ON RAIL TO ORIGINAL LOADING POSTN LOWERING HOOK TOTAL CYCLE/TIME

0.5MIN
1.5MIN 0.5MIN 11.0MIN

TOTAL CYCLE / TIME

:.n = 44 min/hr AND SHIFTING AT 5 TONS

LOAD IN EACH CYCLE 5 TON LOADS * CYCLES IN ONE HOUR (OF 44 MIN) 44 * 5 11 = 20 TON/HR

METHOD OF COMPUTING OWNING AND OPERATING COST OF AN EQUIPMENT

TO GET COST OF EQUP/HR , TO

UNDERSTAND OWNING AND OPERATING COST EQPT LOADER : - FLYWHEEL POWER 112HP PAYLOAD = 2722kg COST AT SITE FOR 1.53 CUBM (FOR Rs 1500000 .00 (A) EARTH)
LESS TYRE REPLACEMENT COST Rs. 40000 . 00

LANDED PRICE LESS COST OF TYRES

LESS : RESALE VALUE :

Rs. 1460000 . 00
Rs . 150 000 . 00

 (B) NET VALUE FOR DEPRECIATION :

Rs 1310000.00

(C) OWNING COST 1. DEPRECIATION : NET DEPRECIATION VALUE LIFE IN HRS = 1310000.00 = Rs 81.88 HR 16000 ASSUMING ANNUAL USE IN HRS = 16000 HRS

INTEREST

@ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% LANDED PRICE * % INVESTMENT = TOTAL ANNUAL RATE ANNUAL USE IN HRS = RS.67,03/HR

REPAIR COST
REPAIR COST

TYRES: REPLACEMENT COST = 40000 ESTIMATED LIFE 3200 = Rs 12.50 NORMAL REPAIR = 90% OF LANDED COST TYRE

COST TOTAL HOUR = 0.9 * 1500000 40000 = Rs 81.88/hr 16000

SERVICE COST
FUEL 11Kg /HR * Rs 4 = Rs 44.00/HR (a ) Lubricant greace etc - Rs 10.00/HR (b ) Total service cost = 44 + 10 = 54.00/HR OPERATION SALARY 80.00 = Rs.10.00/HR

8 TOTAL OWNING AND OPERATING COST PER HOUR = DEPREATION + INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% + TYRE REPAIR COST + NORMAL REPAIR COST + TOTAL SERVICE COST + OPERATOR SALARY = 81.88+ 67.03+12.03+81.88+ 54.00 + 10.00 = Rs 307.29/HR

THANK YOU