Course Title: MODERN CHINA AND EAST ASIA

Course Description: This course is a study and analysis of the historical forces that developed in China starting from the middle part of the 19th century when the Opium war began up to the present period of the 21st century under Communist.

It will also bring into focus the activities that evolved in China and its neighbors in East Asia in terms of their sociocultural, political, economic and historical developments.

Course Objectives:
GENERAL: At the end of the semester, the students are expected to ascertain the ideological changes that swept China from the time Europeans divided the country into spheres of influence to the rise of Communism and after. Specific: at the end of the course, the student is expected to:

1.

To acquire an updated, realistic view from within and China from without. To develop the attitude, skills and perspectives necessary for the understanding of China per se and China Vis--vis the Philippines and the world. To acquire knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the culture and history of China and East Asia regardless of race, religion, nationality and economic status.

2.

3.

4. Make a list of the important economic and cultural achievements that happened in China from the old democratic revolution to the rise of communism and the effects of this to her East Asian neighbors. 5. Review the historical context from which China emerged from a Sleeping Giant into one of the great nations if not yet a great power in the world. 6. Write a paper underlining Chinas on going relevance and importance in East

Course Outline
1.

a)
b) c) d) e)

China: The Giants Geography Geological origins Topography and Climate Population Political Divisions/ Regions Ethnic Composition

2. a) b) c) 3.

Chinas Changing Pre-history: A Survey Geological Origins Human Imprints New Archeological Data The passage of the Dynasties (Xia-Qing)

4.
a)

Transformation to a Modern State

The European Expansion Objectivescommercial, technological and religious b) Rivalries for Chinas Hand c) Opium Wars

d. e. f. g. h. i.

j.

Taiping Rebellion Boxer Rebellion Double Ten Rebellion Sun Yat Sens Republic The May 4th Movement Opposing Ideologies i. Guomindang (KMT)- CCP ii. USA-USSR Japan in East Asia i. Invasion of Mongolia ii. Invasion of Manchuria iii. Massacre in Nanjing

k.

l.

The Pacific War i. China in the Big Four The Civil War i. The United Front ii. The Long March iii. The Communist Victory iv. Chiang Kai Shek in Taiwan The Peoples Republic of China

5.

a.

China under Mao Zedong i. The Great Leap Forward ii. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution iii. Soviet Ties iv. The Korean War v. The Sino-Soviet Split

vi. The passing of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong

b.

The Gang of Four

c. d. e. f. g. h.

The Rise of Deng Xiao Ping The occupation of Tibet The Four Modernizations The Open-Door Policy One Country-Two Systems Policy Tien An Men Tragedy

i. Pro-Democracy Movement
6.

China Today

a. Hongkong Handover (1997) and aftermath

b.

c.
d. e. f.

Macau Handover (1997) and aftermath Taiwan Reunification Issue Issue on North and South Korea Issue on Tibet and Dalai Lama Issue on Spratlys Islands

7.
a. b. c. d.

The Future: China in the Asia- Pacific Theatre The Economy (Capitalist market) Education and Technology The Armed Forces Foreign Relations

CHINA
Represents

one of the earliest civilizations in the world (alongside that of Greece, Egypt, India, etc.). Has a recorded history of about 3,600 years. Like other nations, in its development, passed three stages of :

Primitive society Slave society Feudal society

was during the middle part of the 19th century where capitalist forces from foreign countries started invading China and from then on, China was transformed into a:
It

Semi-colonial (and) Semi-feudal society

It marked its entry into the socialist stage only during the founding of the Peoples Republic of China (PROC) in 1949 by Mao Tse Dong. One of the areas in the world where man had its first beginning. As early as 1M years ago, primitive man where believed to have existed in China.

Yunnan Man

Discovered in Yunnan Province. -Lived approximately 1.7M years ago.

Lantian Man

-Discovered in Lantian, Shaanxi Province. -Ape-man whose fossil was found to have lived 800,000 years ago

LANTIAN MAN

Peking or Beijing (Sinanthropus pekinensis)

Man

-Lived around 500,000 years ago. -Possessed to have characteristics of a human being because he walked erect on two legs. -Creatively known to have use fire, simple tools and knew how to hunt.

PEKING MAN

It took such a long time before the early primitive people in China gradually progressed as living together in group and a clan. These people lived first in Matriarchal and then lived in Patriarchal communes of a given society (the woman became the head of the family).

Yangshao Culture

-Major representative of matriarchal society. -Existed around 6,000-7,000 years ago. -Have already acquired the skill of making stone and bone instruments. -Learned how to manufacture bows and arrows as well as pottery. -Agriculture and animal raising appeared.

Pottery

Porcelain

Longshan Culture

Major representative of patriarchal society. -Existed in China 5,000 years ago and mostly settled along the Huangho River and Yangtze River. -Copper had already been discovered. -Fermentation of grain to make wine was invented. -Domestication of animal started to exist (horse, ox, sheep, chicken, dog and pig). -Technology in pottery-making was improved.

With the rapid development of the Longshan culture, the standard of living were improved and this also started the dissolution of a primitive society in ancient China. As China established an Imperial institution, The Emperor (Son of Heaven) headed the royal house.

Emperor:

-Quasi divine figure, part king, part pope. -Parent of the realm and also clan patriarch. -Responsible for selecting and educating his successor, usually a son. -His political power was projected over the peasants by the imperial bureaucracy.

CHINESE DYNASTIES

Xia (Hsia) (21st-16th century BC)

Dynasty

-First dynasty to introduce the slave society. -Major occupation was agriculture. -Capital was centered in Henan (Shaanxi).

Shang (Yin) Dynasty (16th century- 1066 BC)

-Development of slave society. -Expansion of agriculture and animal raising. -Silk raising, weaving and bronze making were raised to a high level. -Immolated (killed as a sacrifice) slaves were found buried beside their masters.

Zhou (Chou) (1006-221 BC)

Dynasty

Western Chou (1006-770 BC)

Eastern Chou (770-221 BC)
Spring and Autumn Period Warring State Period

-Agricultural production expanded and many breweries were set up. -Transactional phase from slave to feudal society. -Rise of the landlord class. -Known to historians as Classical Age for there were abundant historical records at this time. -Considered as the Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy for we find the appearance of the first Chinese organized philosophical school of thought.

Confucian School -----------Confucius and Mencius Mohist School----------------Mo Zi Taoist School------------------Lao Zi and Shang Zi Legalist School----------------Han Fei Zi and Shang Yang

Qin (Chin) Dynasty (221-206 BC)

-Marked the beginning of Chinas medieval history. -First centralized, unified, multi-national feudal state in Chinese history; first real dynasty of China. -Established by Chin Shi Huang Ti, who fostered feudal landownership, developed communications and unified the written language, currency and weight and measure. -Believed that China got its name from this dynasty.

CURRENCY

Han Dynasty (206 BC- 220 AD) -Golden Age of Chinese History.

-Sima Qian (Ssu Ma Chien) wrote the first complete general history of China in his Shi Ji (historical records). -Agriculture, iron smelting, silk weaving and handcrafts expanded. -Farming technique improved and many irrigation projects were put into operation. -Commerce flourished and foreign trade between East and West were opened. -Silk Road, a trade route leading from Chinese capital and passing thru Yellow river, Sinkiang, Afghanistan, Iran, Asia Minor and Europe was used. -Buddhism was introduced.

Three (220-280 (Wei,

Kingdoms Shu,

Period AD) Wu)

Western Jin (265-316 AD)

(Chin)

Dynasty

Southern Jin (Chin) Dynasty and 16 states (317-439 AD)

Eastern Jin (386-439 AD)

(Chin)

Dynasty

Southern and Northern Dynasty (386-581 AD)

-Barbarian invasion of China. -Chinas dark ages.

Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD)

One of the shortest dynasties which was ruled by only two emperors. -Strengthen the administrative system in government; the civil service exam introduced. -Made remarkable accomplishments in science and culture.

Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)

-Most powerful of all the dynasties since the time of the Han. -Chinese culture reached its highest development during this period. -Gunpowder (for war) and woodblock printing were used. -Flourishing of literature, art, music and printing. -Flourishing of freedom of thought and belief. -Opening of Chinese schools to the outside people.

Five Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms Period (907-960 AD) Late Liang, Tang, Tsing, Han, Chou

-Merely a prolongation of the civil war in the last year of the Tang Dynasty.

Sung Dynasty (960-1279 AD)

-Golden Age of Chinese Commerce and Trade -Compass began to be used in navigation -Sung porcelain and celadon became famous (glazed, unglazed and crackle glaze) -Rise of neo-Confucianists Philosophy -period of literary activity

CELADON

Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 AD) Mongol

-First foreign dynasty -Kublai Khan was the famous Mongol leader. Commerce and foreign trade flourished. -Merchants and travelers came to China from abroad Marco Polo (Venetian) Ibn Batuta (Moroccan)

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD)

-Administrative machineries were inherited from past dynasties. -Rudiments of Capitalism appeared. -Increased communications with foreign countries and the Ming renewed contacts with the west.

Qing (Ching) Dynasty (16441911 AD)- Manchu

-Second foreign dynasty ruled by Manchurians. -Last imperial dynasty -The most anti-foreign dynasty (nationalism)

EUROPEAN EXPANSION

Factors that contributed greatly to the renewal of trade between the East and the West.
Crusades

-Facilitated the diffusion of Arab culture among western lands because Muslims came to adopt the finer manners and customs of the East.

Renaissance
-The reflowing of knowledge especially in arts and science, influenced new life in geographical science. -False belief about geography slowly gave way to scientific concepts.

Medieval Travelers

-Stories about the wonders of the Orient were enhanced by those Europeans who had traveled to the East.

Reasons why Europeans (West) came to Asia God

convert the people to a new religion and use that religion to fool the people. (Paganism)

Gold

Because Asia had abundant natural resources (ie. Spices) they can establish trade and make money.

Glory

-To establish colonies. The more colonies they have the more powerful and glorified they become to their European neighbors

3 Trade Routes Between Europe and Asia

Northern Route

- (river, caravan and interior seas) China, Bokhar, Samarkand, Caspian Sea, Black Sea-> Constantinople

Middle Route

-Malacca westward to Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Persia, Syria.

Southern Route

- (by water) Malacca, Indian Ocean, India, Red Sea, Alexandria (Egypt)

1263 Nicolo and Marco Polo (Venetian) reached China and presented themselves to Kublai Khan. 1271- Marco Polo (Nicolos Son) accompanied them in the trip. 1292- Left China 1298- Marco Polo was captured during a civil war and while in prison, he wrote a book of his accounts in China.

His Cellmate (Rusticiano of Pisa) exposed his book. This fired the imagination of the Europeans who became determined to visit the East.

1453 -Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks

Closed the sea route used by the Europeans Europeans were forced to find a new trade route to the East. This started new voyages for exploration and discovery.

Spain and Portugal 2 foremost countries who

MODERN PERIOD (1840-1919) CHINA IN THE 19TH CENTURY

The period of approximately 80 years from 1840 when the Opium War began to 1919 when the May Fourth Movement started, was the Modern period of China. During this period, the Ching Dynasty ended and the Republic of China began. It was a period when imperialism from abroad and feudalism at home combined to reduce China to semi-colonial and semifeudal status. It was also a period when the Chinese people waged a heroic struggle against the imperialist and their running dogs in China. It was a period of democratic revolution led by the Bourgeoisie. After 1919, the leadership of the democratic revolution was taken over by the proletariat and its political party. We call the period before 1919 the period of old-democratic revolution and the period after 1919 the period of newdemocratic revolution.

RIVALRIES HAND

FOR

CHINAS

European presence in the Far East date back to 16th century, but by the second decade of the 19th century, with the end of the North American and Napoleonic Wars, England and France were ready to expand their territories to Asia on a widened scale.

The US still had a continent to cross before reaching the Pacific Ocean but Great Britain and British traders were already active as rivals and partners of the Europeans in the South China waters. The ambitions of these powers intersected in and around China, forming a destructive rivalry for China (which is not their territory) which the Chinese call IMPERIALSM.

England having established its colony in India and extended to parts of Burma became interested in expanding its operations in China, whether commercial or military.

1760- Manchu court designated CANTON as the sole open port for the British. TEA- Main item the British brought from the Chinese.
-English were fond of tea and consumed enormous quantities of it. -10% of its revenue was paid for the tea - English paid in silver for tea, silk and other commodities but did not sell anything to the self-sufficient Chinese. No two-way trade until they found a market for Opium.

Opium- Grown in Bengal, India

Commodity which corrected the imbalance of payments. By the 3rd decade of the 18th century, opium sales to China were soaring, and instead of silver flowing to China, it was flowing out in massive amounts because Chinese were addicted to Opium. This started the Opium War (1840)

FOREIGN TRADE IN CANTON: BACKGROUND OF THE OPIUM WAR (1840-1842)

Before the fourth decade of the 19th century, Britain was the most developed capitalist country in the world. Having strengthened its control over India, it immediately targeted China as its next object of aggression.
It was only in Canton (Guangzhou) where the British and foreign merchants were permitted and allowed to conduct their trade to a group of Chinese monopolist known as HONG, or COHONG. This Hong merchants had to pay taxes to the state, but they had a wonderful opportunity of enriching themselves through their business with the Europeans.

The British concentrated mainly on the purchase of silk, tea, and other products which commanded a good price in Europe. As a result, British capitalist must ship a huge amount of Silver to China in exchange for tea, silk and other products.

Their main problem was what to export to China? Europeans Woolens, cotton textile, food stuffs and other luxury goods could not be sold because transporting this is too expensive and besides the Chinese people are able to produce food, clothing, and other daily necessities so these are not well received in China.
To rob China off its wealth, the British capitalist resorted to armed smuggling and bribery of Chinese officials who then allowed them to ship large quantities of OPIUM which they carried from India is the only product that can be easily sold to China because the Chinese were familiar with opium and they readily bought it.

From 1800 onwards, opium became the chief article of trade, especially from the British, who were able to bring it conveniently from India. Though it is harmful to the people, so many Chinese merchants were able to enrich themselves by selling this, and a great deal of Chinese money went abroad. Because the number of opium smokers increased by the thousands, the feudal rulers of China became more and more corrupt and the fighting capacity of the Chinese army deteriorated steadily. The government became apprehensive and decided to send its commissioner to stop and prohibit the Opium Trade (1839). The action of the commissioner angered the British because this meant the destruction of British trade in the Far East and also possibility that China would open other ports to European trade.

Lin Tse hsu the imperial commissioner who prohibited and banned the Opium trade. He warned the British not to bring in any more Opium. He ordered 20,000 chests (133 lbs. per chest, total of 1.15 million klgs.) to be burned and destroyed.

OPIUM WAR (1840) First Sino British War; British soldiers attacked the south-eastern coast of China (Guangdong Province). The Chinese opened and offered negotiations but the hostilities continued and they soon found out that they were losing because European weapons were far superior than those of the Chinese. After 2 years of war the Chinese capitulated.
Treaty of Nanking (1842) The Sino British treaty that ended the 2 years Opium War. It was the first unequal treaty that China signed with a foreign aggressor. The signing of this treaty slowly meant that China had lost its rights as a sovereign nation.

TREATY OF NANKING

OPIUM WAR

Provisions of the Treaty of Nanking

1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

China open five ports for European trade: Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningbo and Shanghai. Cesssion of Hongkong to Britain up to 1997. The Chinese establish a fair and regular tariff on export and imports. The termination of the Co-hong. Payment of an indemnity worth $21 million silver taels.

SILVER TAEL

TAIPING REBELLION (1851) Great Peace

A peasant uprising headed by Hung Hsiu Chuan to take over the Manchu Dynasty. It was put to stop and ended in 1865 after 14 years of fighting, by the Manchus led by Tseng Kuo Fan and its foreign supporters. Although the peasants were defeated this aroused and strengthened the revolutionary will of the Chinese people to topple down the Manchu Imperial dynasty.

TAIPING REBELLION

Hung Hsui Chuan

-Village teacher -member of the Chinese Protestant Christians -found support among the protestant missionaries -had political ambitions to defeat the Manchu and establish a new dynasty. -defeated in 1865

TAIPING REBELLION

Tseng Kuo Fan and Li Hung-Chang Manchu leaders who defeated the Taiping. Frederick T. Ward- American

-Ever Victorious Army.

Charles Gorge Gordon- British

RESULT: -The Taiping Uprising was crushed but remnants of the defeated forces fled abroad and contributed to the agitation which in the next country overthrew the Manchu and set up the Republic.

BOXER REBELLION (1899)

An anti-foreign movement aimed at eliminating the westerners and the Western influence in China. Boxer or Righteous Harmony Fists, was the nickname given by the foreigners for the superb gymnastic exercise practiced by the Chinese. Chinese Xtians who were adopting the foreign religion were also included in the attack. The Boxer were defeated by the foreigners because foreign legations started to send foreign troops from abroad to protect them. The Chinese were in no match to the artillery the troops of the foreigners.

BOXER REBELLION

Slogan: Protect the Dynasty Definition - An anti-foreign movement and was an attempt to get rid of Western Influence in China. Origin -Spontaneous popular opposition to foreigners and their societies with religious features. -To support the movement of anti-foreign officials (Manchu). -follow the order of Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi (Haiao Chin) Old Buddha

BOXER REBELLION

Target - an order to KILL foreigners and Chinese Christians in Peking Result

-A minor event compared to Chinas experience in WWI and II - China emerged from the Boxer experience with greatly enhanced debt, added humiliation and the position of a subject nation.

Sept. 7, 1901 Boxer settlement and the rebellion ended.

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

An official apology to Germany for the murder of her minister and the erection of a monument in his honor. Suspension of the official examination for 5 years in towns where foreigners had been killed or illtreated. The payment of a large indemnity (450,000,000 silver taels; US $ 333, 900, 00) in 39 annual installments. The improvement of the river channels leading to Tientsin and Shanghai. The setting aside of a legation quarter in Peking to ensure their safety.

6. -punishment of officials involved the war. 7. -apology for the murder of the Japanese Chancellor 8. - Prohibition of the manufacture of arms for 2 years. 9. - Destruction of military forts. 10. - The occupation of foreign powers on certain strategic military forts. 11. -Posting of the Chinese guard and of laws to prevent anti-foreign activities.

Foreign Legations:
Russia 2. Germany 3. France 4. Great Britain 5. USA 6. Japan 7. Italy 8. Belgium 9. Austria 10. Others
1.

By the turn of the 20th c. (1900) the Ching dynasty was starting to feel its downfall and this was during the reign of the luckless and prisoner Emperor Kuang Hsu and the domineering Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi.

CHINA 1900

Empress Dowager
in her late 60s. Still vigorous and domineering. She never trusted the Westerners.

Emperor Kuang Hsu

Was not expected to be a leader of any revolution Was intelligent but had no direct knowledge to the world outside his palace. He was unskilled in administration As a politician, he was immature Had been reared under the shadow of the domineering and forceful Tzu Hsi

EMPEROR KUANG HSU

Yuan Shi Kai

Was an outstanding Manchu General Will become very important in the following years to the founding of the Republic. 1908- Tzi Hsi and Kuang Hsu died within a few hours of each other.

YUAN SHI KAI

Hsuang Tung (Pu Yi)

Succeeded the Emperor; the last Ching Emperor. A pathetic figure, who was clearly incompetent to save the dynasty.

Development in the last years of the Ching Dynasty

Intermarriage of Manchu and Chinese were permitted (1902). Graduated system of government schools in which Western and Chinese subjects were taught. A Ministry of Education was created. In 1905, the Civil Service Exams based upon Chinese classics were abolished Peking was still the center of contending international jealousies and pressures. Government was financially hard pressed. The empire was engulfed with secret revolutionary societies.

Reasons for the decline of the Ching (Manchu) Dynasty:

Administrative inefficiency 2. Widespread corruption 3. Debasement of the military 4. Pressure of a rising population 5. Financial stringency 6. Intellectual irresponsibility 7. Rebellions (domestic) by secret societies 8. Foreign aggressions 9. Rise of nationalist reformers
1.

Reasons for the rise of Nationalist Republic:

1.

2. 3. 4.

The long list of unequal treaties (Treaty of Nanking, Shimonoseki, Boxer Protocol, etc.) The loss of Chinas tributary states (Hong Kong, etc.) Lack of vigor in domestic administration. The urgent need from monarchial institutions to a Republican form of government in China.

Dr. Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925)

Was the originator and leader of Chinas bourgeoisie democratic revolution. A medical doctor by profession but spent his entire life in propagating revolutionary thought in China. Known in China as the ff.

Father of the Chinese Revolution Patron Saint of the Nationalist Republic Founding Father of the Republic of China

1905 was elected President of the China Revolutionary League, an organization which aimed to overthrow the Ching Dynasty. For Sun Yat Sen to achieve his dreams, he established the Three Principles of the People for the nationalistic movement to become more successful.

(San Min Chu I) The Three Principles of the People (The Great Bright Way for China)
1. NATIONALISM Principle of Min-Tsu (Peoples Rule) A nationalistic revolution to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty and imperial institutions. This is the restoration of a new China. 2. DEMOCRACY Principle of Min-Chuan (Peoples Authority) A democratic revolution to establish a republic and popular sovereignty. 3. SOCIALISM Principle of Min-Sheng (Peoples Livelihood) A social revolution to equalize land rights and prevent the ills of capitalism (equal landownership).

Comparison b/w SYS and JPR

Dr. SUN YAT-SEN Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL

Born in the 19thC. (1866) Studied abroad and graduated with honors (Hawaii) Finished medicine and became an MD (Surgeon) Wrote revolutionary thoughts while abroad Rich background

1861 Spain MD and practice in Germany (Opthalmology) Poems, essays against bad policies of Spain Ilustrado

Dr. SUN YAT-SEN

Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL

Fought against their oppressors (Manchus) Famous for his written work (San Min Chu I) Became a Hero/ Patron Saint More of a Pacifist (not revolutionary) Founded the Kuomintang (KMT) Stayed in the background as leader and gave way to Yuan Shi Kai

Spaniards Noli Me Tangere/ El Filibusterismo National Hero Used pen and tongue (not gun) Founded the La Liga Filipina Gave way to Bonifacio, Del Pilar and other patriots

Dr. SUN YAT-SEN

Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL

Died of cancer in 1925 (59 years old) Numerous monuments, schools, roads, organizations and societies were named after him His teachings are still studied by the present generation

Died of Firing squad in 1896 (35 years old) Numerous monuments, schools, roads, organizations and societies were named after him His teachings are still studied by the present generation

Double Ten Uprising (Oct. 10, 1911) a revolution that started in Wu-chang which successfully overthrow the Manchu Dynasty. Emperor Hsuan Tung (Henry Pu Yi) Last Manchu Emperor. Yuan Shi Kai protector of Pu Yi; Premier and Commander in chief of the army. Later he became a political opportunist and militarist and as a result of this China was engaged in civil wars among the warlords for 13 years until 1924.

THE BEGINNING OF THE REPUBLIC

October 10, 1911(Wuchang)

The beginning of the Revolution against the Manchu. A Republic was proclaimed, but uprising and little fighting continued in other cities.

Chiang Kai Shek

Born in 1897 in Chekiang Strongest figure in the Kuomintang. Continued SYS programs Acquired a military education An ardent admirer and trusted follower of Sun Yat-Sen Studied the Soviet system of leadership but without being a communist. Waged a relentless war against the communist. Was backed by the wealthy class Died in 1976

CHINA 1895- END of WWI

Defeated by Japan in 1895 (Sino- Jap war). Some of her strategic ports were seized by western powers thru leaseholds. Forced to grant concessions to build railways. Expelled the westerners but was into forced war; helpless in the war against Russia and Japan to keep her territories.

A Republic was proclaimed, resulting with the disintegration of the state, both national and local. China was drawn into WWI. In education, Confucianism was abolished and western subjects and methods were adopted. Religiously, Confucianism weakened and Christianity made phenomenal gains.

Jan 1, 1912 the Republic of China was founded and Sun Yat Sen BECAME THE Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Feb 12, 1912 Sun resigned as President under the pressures of Yuan Shi Kai. This he did to seek peaceful unification of the country. Different political organizations were reorganize together with other political groups into KUOMINTANG (National Peoples Party, Nationalist Party).

KUOMINTANG is an open political party with open membership with the purpose of implementing the foundation of the Three Peoples Principles in the minds and lives of the people.
Summer, 1914 1919 World War I started. 1914 Japan decided to take over all German territories in the Pacific including Shantung Peninsula. With the inception of war in Europe, China realized herself surrounded with the enclaves of warlike countries within its borders. It formally asked that hostilities be kept out of its territories and waters. It also declared its neutrality. China requested the U.S.A. in obtaining from neutral countries their promise to respect their request.

August 1914 Japan declared war with Germany for the simple reason that Germany wouldnt withdraw her leased territory of Kiaochow in the province of Shantung. In moving against Kiaochow, Japan violated Chinas neutrality by dispatching her attacking forces across the Chinese territory. Fortunately for Japan, he overcame the German resistance and captured the port of Kiaochow. Jan. 1915 Japan sent Yuan Shi Kai, a communiqu known as the 21 Demands. Yuan Shi Kai accepted the 21 Demands and sent the documents to America for her to help China. During this time he had foreseen the establishment of a new Dynasty.
21 Demands total surrender of Chinese sovereignty to Japan.

Provisions of 21 Demands: (pp. 460-461)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Transfer of Germanys rights to Japan. No territory/islands should be leased to any power without Japanese consent. Manchurian railways under Russian control be transferred to Japanese control. Chinese iron mines be transferred to Japanese control. That China should accept political, military, and economic adviser from Japan. The acceptance of the Demands by Yuan Shi Kai resulted to divisions in China by having 2 governments:

1.
2.

North Peking Pro-Japanese under Yuan Shi Kai. South Canton Anti-Japanese under Revolutionary League to form the Kuomintang under Sun Yat-Sen and Chiang Kai Shek.

Jan. 1919 TREATY OF VERSAILLES

After the conclusion of WW I, Britain, France, USA, Japan, China, and other victors of the war held a peace conference in Versailles, France. During the conference the Chinese delegation demanded 3 things: Termination of foreign countries special privileges in China. Abolition of the 21 Demands. Return to China of Shantung Peninsula that was seized by Japan. But the peace conference turned down the demands of China and instead it resolved to transfer Germanys special rights in Shantung to Japan. In the following months, angry Chinese students and leaders demonstrated and protested this outrageous decision made in Versailles and this culminated with the so-called..

1. 2.

3.

MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT

The first genuine mass movement in modern Chinese history. It was a national response to pressure the Chinese delegation to reject the signing of the Peace Treaty for the sake of China as a whole. It was a huge demonstration by thousands of students in Peking (and abroad) against the verdict of the Versailles Peace Conference. This was not only held by patriotic students but thousands of workers from Chinas major provinces joined by calling strikes. This also led with the arrest of thousands of patriotic students and workers and a concerted boycott of Japanese goods.

RESULT: Because the northern warlords were pressured by thousands of students and workers, they released the arrested students and workers, and refused to sign the Versailles Peace Treaty. The movement was a total Victory.

Importance of the Movement

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

Heightened the revolutionary movement. Reinforced social and cultural reforms. Spread of Marxism with the working class became the mainstream of the new culture movement. It paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It made possible the transformation of the Chinese revolution from the olddemocratic to the new-democratic revolution.

The May 4th Movement had a profound impact to the Chinese working class. It made a model for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. MARXISM from Russia became a model, too. Communist groups were established in some of the great provinces of China.

Basic task of the Chinese Communist Party:

1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

Eliminate civil strife Overthrow the warlords Establish domestic peace To cast off the oppression brought by the imperialist so that the Chinese nation can become truly independent. To unify China into a genuine Democratic Republic.

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE OF COMMUNISM IN CHINA

Many Chinese intellectuals had lost faith in the West after the Versailles pronouncement in Shantung. 2. The rise of Socialism became more appealing to most people. 3. The intellectual and psychological appeal of Marxism to the Chinese were strengthened by the practical Soviet offer of friendship. 4. The belief that the liberation of the peasantry from the corruption of city life is the liberation of China. 5. The close ties of the CCP with the labor and
1.

1927 1935

The Republican government was formally established in Nanking (capital) and Chiang Kai Shek (CKS) became the President. He also reorganize the KMT. Pres. CKS in his capacity of Commander-inChief once again led the revolutionary army to the North and this Northward expedition became a great success and the Northwest provinces fell quickly thus finally achieving the unification of China. After the unification of the 2 governments, CKS prepared his army:
1. for the future resistance movement against Japanese aggression

CKS never believed in Soviet sincerity in aiding Chinas revolution against the Communist. He believed that the real intention of the Soviets was to seize the leadership position of the KMT for the CCP. He argued that an alliance with Russia is an admission of Communism.
The Communist perpetrated the land with acts of infiltration, secret attacks and destruction, and armed rebellions. CKS launched massive campaign of Encirclement and Extermination against the Communists.

THE LONG MARCH (1930 1931) the Communist would often be defeated as a result of strong strategy of positional warfare, instead of following Maos test-proven guerilla warfare.

MUKDEN INCIDENT (Sept. 18, 1931)

The Japanese aggression of Manchuria which sowed the seeds of World War II. It was a Japanese idea that to conquer the world, it is necessary to conquer China first, and to conquer China it is necessary to conquer Manchuria and Mongolia first. Originally Japan targeted to invade Manchuria in 1936 but instead made it in 1931 for the ff. reasons:

1. China was deeply involved in domestic turmoil, natural disaster, and civil strife after another. 2. Costly campaign against the increasing Communist threat. 3. The western powers and the League of nations were too powerless to intervene because they were hard hit by the depression and were involved too with

XIAN INCIDENT (Dec. 12 1936) The kidnap/arrest of Pres. CKS ordered by his own Generals (Gen. Chang/Yang)

July 17, 1937 China declared war with Japan.

Pres. CKS was determined that China would fight Japan to the bitter end While the Nationalistic government was busy contending with the Japanese aggressions, the CCP grabbed the opportunity to begin an open rebellion and make themselves more powerful as an army.

Dec. 7, 1941 the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the war to the Pacific.

1942 the allied countries unanimously agreed that CKS should assume the position of Supreme Commander into the BIG 4 of the international community along with the US, Britain and USSR.
this time the allies began to recognize that, Chinas long and bitter fight against the Japanese was, actually a battle to maintain international justice and world peace. Shortly afterwards the US and Great Britain announced their intention to relinquish their extra-territorial and related rights in China and other countries soon followed this step and Chinas problems were finally removed.

During

Nov. 1943 CKS conferred with Pres. Roosevelt of US, PM Winston Churchill of Great Britain in Cairo, Egypt. These Cairo Conference ended with the so-called Cairo Declaration.
Provisions of the Cairo Declaration:
1. Demanded for the first time the unconditional surrender of Japan. 2. The complete restoration of Chinese territories lost to Japan. (also the return of Taiwan and Pescadores, liberation of Korea and the Phil. and independence of Vietnam) 3. The return of the Japanese and its possessions outside Japan proper. (Sakhalin and Kurile islands to Russia and some Japanese mandatories in the Pacific to the US)

Aug. 15, 1945 Japan announced its formal surrender. The anti-Japanese resistance movement led by CKS finally resigned victoriously. While China rejoiced over the end of the war and eagerly looked forward for a period of peace and reconstruction, there was still the deep concern over the unresolved communist problems. While the war still existed, Mao Tse-tung laid down from politics but was gathering strength for his sudden rise, and the CCP greatly expanded the scope of their

senior members of the Kuomintang

CHUNGKING CONFERENCE (Aug. 30, 1945) this was the formal meeting of CKS with the Communist delegation headed by Mao Tse-tung to discuss the total unification of China and an end to the Civil War. The conference lasted for 43 days but was a total failure and never produce and concrete results. Dec. 25, 1947 the Nationalistic government officially adopted a new constitution drafted by CKS. April 19, 1948 the First National Assembly adopted and elected CKS as Chinas first President under the New Constitution.

Jan. 21, 1949 CKS was forced to resign by the peace faction within His party. Vice Pres. Li Tsung Ren took over the government as acting President. In the ff. months Li Tsung Ren engaged negotiations with the CCP but failed, for Mao saw no reason to compromise with the KMT because victory was so close at hand.

April 23, 1949 the CCP captured Nanking, the center of CKSs rule, thus ending the Kuomintang regime for good. July 1946 June 1950 the Communist destroyed and defeated 8 million more Kuomintang troops.

Oct. 1, 1949 Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China (PROC). A peoples democratic dictatorship, by the working class and based upon the alliance between workers and peasants. Beijing became the capital of the new China. Mao was elected as Chairman of the Central Peoples Government.

Dec. 8, 1949 the Nationalist led by CKS fled from Chungking to Taiwan to restore the country. After the exile of CKS, the Communist conquest of Mainland China became complete and after 29 years (1921-49) of struggle, Mao rose to the pinnacle of power.

CAUSES OF THE NATIONALIST DEFEAT:

1.

2. 3.

4.

The 8-year Japanese war which completely exhausted the government militarily, financially, and spiritually. Deceptive military strength. Inflation and economic collapse. (Inflation and financial mismanagement destroyed the livelihood of hundreds of millions of Chinese and totally discredited the government, so the people looked forward to a change of administration.) Failure of American mediation and aid.

5. Retardation of social and economic reforms. 6. Loss of public confidence and respect due to the ff. a) Government irresponsibility which brought on rampant inflation b) Officials returned as conquerors and treated the people with contempt. c) Officials were more interested in taking over enemy properties for selfish purposes than for the welfare of the people. d) Officials monopolized profitable commodities and enterprises in open competition with the people and publicly

What Chinas Overpopulation can do?

The most overpopulated country in the world today is China with over 1.3B people. The phenomenal economic growth of China has created an upsurge in consumption and increased demand for energy- resulting in the construction of coalfired power plants to provide electricity for homes and thousands of factories built in many cities.

Experts say China consumes half of the worlds supply of coal and tops the list of nations in terms of Carbon dioxide emissions- exacerbating the problem of pollution coupled with environmental degradation and deletion of natural resources. The Chinese government has declared that the Ministry of Environmental Protection as one of the worlds most embarrassing departments.

Life expectancy for the Chinese is lower by five-a-half (5 ) years due to severe pollution. In march 2013, thousands of ducks and pigs were found floating in a Shanghai river- a major water source for the 23 million residents of the city. The animals died some kind of poisoning and the owners just dumped them in the river to save on burial expenses.

In July 2013, thousands of dead fish were found floating in a river in Guangxi due to discharge of toxic chemicals like cadmium and thallium from factories. Environmental inspectors were meted jail terms for accepting bribes and failing to enforce environmental laws. The depletion of Chinas water and other resources is probably the reason why the Chinese are homing in other areas other than their own.

Air quality in getting worse, residents in big cities are advised to stay indoors because air pollution levels were 20 times higher that normal. A third of Chinas rivers are seriously polluted and that 27 out of 113 major cities have acceptable air quality standards. China is now planning to impose new limits on the purchase of new cars in major cities to control traffic congestion and lessen air pollution levels.

Overpopulation is a major contribution to Chinas pollution problem, with the new found economic growth and wealth increasing energy demand and consumption that seriously impact Chinas environment and ecosystems, aggravated by the influx of the 600 million emerging working class population to the cities in search of jobs.