CONQUEST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

I. CONQUEST OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN

264-146 B.C.

A. First Punic War

264-241 B.C.

1. Carthage

Background: city of Carthage

Colony of Phoenicia

Alliance with Rome in Sicily (280 B.C.) during war with Pyrrhus Mutual suspicion

Phoenician Trade and Colonization

Carthaginian Territory in 270 B.C.

Tophet with Child Sacrifice Tombs

2. Mamertine Incident (265 B.C.)

Messana in Sicily occupied by the Mamertines Blockade of Messana by Syracuse Mamertine appeal Carthaginian alliance with Syracuse Carthaginians and Syracusans defeated by Romans

Sicily (Messana) and Carthage

Mammertine Coin

3. The War in Sicily: Phase 1 (253-256 B.C.)

Development of Roman navy

Corvus

Stalemate

*Roman Warship with Corvus

4. Roman Invasion of North Africa (256 B.C.)

Attempt at invasion of Carthage Initial defeat of Carthaginians Spartan Xanthippus: Mercenary hired to run Carthaginian army Roman defeat

5. The War in Sicily: Phase 2 (255-241 B.C.)

Hamilcar Barca (247 B.C.): new Carthaginian commander Harrassment of Romans in Sicily and Italy Roman blockade of Lilybaeum and Drepanum in Sicily (242 B.C.) Carthaginian surrender (241 B.C.)

Hamilcar Barca

6. Peace and Its Consequences

Surrender of Carthaginians

Loss of Sicily and Lipari Islands Indemnity

Loss of dominance in W. Mediterranean

Consequences

Revolts of mercenary troops against Carthage on Sardinia and Corsica

Loss of Sardinia and Corsica A dditional indemnity to Rome

Carthaginian Empire After 1st Punic War

B. The Illyrian and Gallic Wars

229-219 B.C.

Illyria

1. Illyrian Wars (229-219 B.C.)

Roman suppression of piracy of Illyrians Illyria as client state of Rome Alliance of Demeterius of Pharos (Illyrian) with Macedonians (219 B.C.) Roman retaliation and flight of Demetrius to Macedonia

2. Gallic War (225-222 B.C.)

226 B.C.: Gallic invasion of N. Italy Extension of Roman Italy to Alps (225220 B.C.)

Roman Italy

C. Second Punic War

218-202 B.C.

Roman and Carthaginian Territory in 218 B.C.

1. Carthaginian Expansion in Spain

Carthage in need of new resources: Spain Hamilcar, Hasdrubal, Hannibal

Livy on Hannibal: Mellor 185-187

Massilia (Gk state): appeal to Romans re Carthaginians Treaty between Carthage and Rome

Ebro River as boundary

Saguntum: alliance with Rome

Attack by Hannibal and crossing of Ebro River (219 B.C.)

1st Phase of 2nd Punic War

Romans: Purple Carthaginians: Orange

Hannibal

Who was to blame for the outbreak of the 2nd Punic War?

Rome? Carthage? Inevitable?

2. Rome on the Defensive (218-215 B.C.)

Hannibals crossing of Alps (218 B.C.) and recruitment of Gallic allies

Livy on Hannibals crossing of the Alps (Mellor 195-200)

Hannibals crossing of Apennines into Etruria (217 B.C.) and attempted recruitment of Italic allies 216 B.C.: Battle of Cannae

Livy on Battle of Cannae (Mellor 205-210)

New tactics of Romans: scorched earth

2nd Phase of 2nd Punic War

*Hannibal Crosses the Alps (Also: Cabiria 1914)

3. Roman Recovery (215-203 B.C.)

Hannibal rampaging in Italy Roman victories: Sicily and Spain

3rd Phase of 2nd Punic War

4. Roman Victory (204-202 B.C.)

P. Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus) to Africa in 204 B.C. Truce (203 B.C.) and breakdown

Battle of Zama: 202 B.C.

Give up all territory except Carthage itself Disband navy Pay indemnity No war without consent of Rome

Terms of surrender

4th Phase of 2nd Punic War

Scipio Africanus

4. Aftermath

Pacification of N. Italy and Spain Provinces of Hither and Farther Spain (Hispania Citerior and Ulterior) Cato the Elder

Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed!)

Hispania Citerior and Ulterior

Cato the Elder

D. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.)

Masinissa, king of Numidia, client king of Rome, attacks Carthage (149 B.C.) Appeals to Rome Roman siege of Carthage (148-146 B.C.) 146 B.C.: final destruction of Carthage Creation of Roman province of Africa Proconsularis Was war necessary? Justifiable?

Masinissa of Numidia

Roman Africa (Africa Proconsularis)

II. CONQUEST OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

214-133 B.C.

Alexander the Great

A. Introduction

Death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) E. Mediterranean dominated by 3 great Hellenistic powers:

Antigonids (Greece and Asia Minor) Seleucids (Asia) Ptolemies (Egypt) Aetolian and Achaean League in Greece Kingdom of Pergamon in Asia Minor Republic of Rhodes in Aegean

Several minor Hellenistic powers

The Hellenistic World Antigonids, Seleucids, Ptolemies; Aetolians, Achaeans, Pergamenes, Rhodians)

B. First and Second Macedonian Wars

214-196 B.C.

1. First Macedonian War (214-205 B.C.)

219 B.C.: flight of Demetrius of Pharos to Macedonia after revolt vs. Romans in Illyria 216 B.C.: made alliance with Philip V of Macedonia (Antigonid)

Alliance of Philip with Hannibal after Battle of Cannae

214 B.C.: War of Romans, Aetolians, Pergamenes against Philip V 205 B.C.: Philips treaty with Aetolians and Pergamenes

Access to Adriatic coast Loss of leadership in Greece

Greece: Macedonia

Philip V of Macedon

Antigonid Line

2. Second Macedonian War (200-196 B.C.)

201 B.C.: Pergamenes and Rhodians appeal to Rome for help vs. Philip 200 B.C. Roman alliance with Achaean League, Pergamum, Rhodes, and Athens vs. Philip 198 B.C.: Titus Quinctius Flamininus : new Roman commander 197 B.C.: Battle of Cynoscephelae

maniple (Roman legion) vs. phalanx (Macedonian army)

*Phalanx vs. *Maniple

Surrender of Philip (196 B.C.)

Recognized autonomy of all Greek city states Evacuated troops from Greece outside of Macedonia Surrendered Macedonian navy Paid indemnity Status as client king

T. Quinctius Flamininus

3. Proclamation of Flamininus (196 B.C.)

Proclamation of freedom of Greece by Flamininus at Isthmian Games (S. Greece)

Livy on proclamation (Mellor 231-233)

Different ideas of freedom: Greece as client state

C. War with Antiochus III and the Aetolians

192-189 B.C.

Antiochus III

Seleucid Line

Hellenistic World: Seleucid Kingdom

1. Causes of the War

198 B.C.: Antiochus III (Seleucid) adds to territory

Lower Syria from Ptolemies Territory in Asia Minor and Thrace from Antigonids

194 B.C.: alliance of Antiochus with Aetolian League

2. War in Greece (192-191 B.C.)

192 B.C.: Attack by Aetolians on Romes allied states in Greece; invitation to Antiochus 191 B.C.: Defeat of Antiochus and Aetolians in Battle of Thermopylae

Thermopylae in Greece

3. War in Asia Minor (190-188 B.C.)

190 B.C.: Battle of Magnesia and defeat of Antiochus Terms of treaty

Surrender substantial amount of territory in Asia Minor Hand over most of navy and all war elephants Pay indemnity Astain from attacking allies of Rome

Asia Minor: Magnesia

4. Subjugation of the Aetolians (189 B.C.)

191 B.C.: Aetolian refusal to surrender after Battle of Thermopylae 189 B.C.: Treaty between Aetolia and Rome

Aetolia as client state

D. Third Macedonian War

171-167 B.C.

1. Causes of the War

Greek city-states (esp. in Achaean League): unhappy about Roman interference in affairs Philip V of Macedon: bitter over settlement with Aetolians Perseus of Macedon (successor to Philip): negotiations with anti-Roman elements in Greece

Perseus of Macedon

2. Roman Attack on Perseus

172 B.C: Roman delegation to Perseus 171 B.C.: Roman army in Greece 167 B.C.: Battle of Pydna (L. Aemilius Paulus)

Coin of L. Aemilius Paulus

*Monument of Battle of Pydna at Delphi

3. Roman Settlement in the East

New regime in East

Dismantiling of Macedonian territory into 4 republics Royal lands and treasury property of Roman state

1,000 hostages from Achaean League (Polybius) Sack of Epirus (167 B.C.)

Enormous wealth: afterwards, no taxes for Roman citizens

Epirus

E. Fourth Macedonian War and War with the Achaeans

149-146 B.C.

1. Fourth Macedonian War (149-148 B.C.)

Andriscus seizes power in Macedonia (149 B.C.) Crushed by Roman army at Pydna (148 B.C.) Macedonia annexed as Roman province

Roman Province of Macedonia

2. War with the Achaeans (147-146 B.C.)

149 B.C.: Anti-Roman faction took control of Achaean League

Attack on Sparta and Spartas appeal to Rome

147 B.C.: war between Romans and Achaeans

Battle of Leucopetra Sack of Corinth: 146 B.C.

146 B.C.: L. Mummius as Roman commander

Greece: Corinth

Inscription of L. Mummius from Temple of Hercules Victor in Rome

F. Roman Arrangements in Greece and Asia

146-133 B.C.

1. Settlement of Greece

Achaean League dissolved Greek cities entered into individual relations with Rome: allies or subjects Greece placed under the supervision of Roman governor of Macedonia.

2. Province of Asia

133 B.C.: Attalus III of Pergamon willed his kingdom to Rome New Roman province of Asia Romans: masters of much of Mediterranean

Roman Province of Asia

Roman Empire in 133 B.C.

G. Roman Reasons for Conquest in the East

Philhellenism? Imperialism? Self-Protection?