SCIMATP Presentation

Electrical Properties of Materials

MR. RAYMUND B. BOLALIN

ELECTRICAL PROPERTY
response of a material to an applied electric field

ELECTRIC FIELD property of the space surrounding an electric charge An aura surrounding a charge exerts a force on other electrically charged objects

Electrical Properties of Materials

Electrical conductivity/resistivity Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Permeability Permittivity Piezoelectric constants Seebeck coefficient

Electrical resistivity
Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electric charge. Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohmmetre (m) although other units like ohmcentimetre (cm) are also in use.

Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal quantity of resistivity, and measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current. It is commonly represented by the Greek letter (sigma), but (kappa) (especially in electrical engineering) or (gamma) are also occasionally used. Its SI unit is siemens per metre (Sm1) and CGSE unit is reciprocal second (s1).

Dielectric constant
The relative permittivity of a material under given conditions reflects the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. In technical terms, it is the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum. Likewise, it is also the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor using that material as a dielectric, compared to a similar capacitor that has a vacuum as its dielectric.

Dielectric constant
Material Vacuum Air PTFE/Teflon Polyethylene Polyimide Polypropylene Polystyrene Carbon disulfide Paper Electroactive polymers Silicon dioxide Concrete Pyrex (Glass) Rubber Diamond Salt Graphite Silicon Ammonia Methanol r 1 (by definition) 1.00058986 0.00000050 (at STP, for 0.9 MHz),[2] 2.1 2.25 3.4 2.22.36 2.42.7 2.6 3.85 212 3.9 [3] 4.5 4.7 (3.710) 7 5.510 315 1015 11.68 26, 22, 20, 17 (80, 40, 0, 20 C) 30 Material Ethylene Glycol Furfural Glycerol Water r 37 42.0 41.2, 47, 42.5 (0, 20, 25 C) 88, 80.1, 55.3, 34.5 (0, 20, 100, 200 C) for visible light: 1.77 83.6 (0 C) 84.0 (20 C) 84100 (2025 C) 128 aq60 (3025 C) 158.02.3 (021 C) 86173 310 500 125010,000 (20120 C) 5006000 1.8-6 up to 100,000[4] >250,000[5]

Hydrofluoric acid Formamide

Sulfuric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrocyanic acid Titanium dioxide Strontium titanate Barium strontium titanate Barium titanate Lead zirconate titanate Conjugated polymers Calcium copper titanate

Dielectric strength
Dielectric strength refers to: the maximum electric field strength that it can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties. the minimum electric field that produces breakdown. the maximum electric stress the dielectric material can withstand without breakdown

Dielectric strength

Permeability
Permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself. In other words, it is the degree of magnetization that a material obtains in response to an applied magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is typically represented by the Greek letter . The reciprocal of magnetic permeability is magnetic reluctivity.

Permeability

Permittivity
Absolute permittivity is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium.
In other words, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric medium. The permittivity of a medium describes how much electric field (more correctly, flux) is 'generated' per unit charge in that medium. It relates to a material's ability to transmit (or "permit") an electric field.

Relative Permittivity
The relative permittivity of a material under given conditions reflects the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. In technical terms, it is the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum.

Piezoelectric constant
The piezoelectric charge constant, d, is the polarization generated per unit of mechanical stress (T) applied to a piezoelectric material or, alternatively, is the mechanical strain (S) experienced by a piezoelectric material per unit of electric field applied.
Note: Piezoelectricity is the charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.

Piezoelectric constant

Direction X, Y, or Z is represented by the subscript 1, 2, or 3, respectively, and shear about one of these axes is represented by the subscript 4, 5, or 6, respectively.

Seebeck coefficient
The Seebeck coefficient (also called the thermopower, or thermoelectric power) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that material. The thermopower has units of volts per kelvin (V/K), although it is more often given in microvolts per kelvin (V/K).

Seebeck coefficient