Evy Sulistyoningrum Histology Department Medical Faculty of UNSOED

Struktur

Ductless Hormones secreted directly into the vascular system (circulation) Secretions absorbed from interstitium into blood

Endocrine

system: a system composed of specialized glands and group of cells which secretes hormones

Major division Adenohypophysis

Embryonic origin Oral ectoderm

General structure

Subdivision

Glandular -Pars distalis epithelial cells -Pars tuberalis cords -Pars intermedia separated by sinusoids

Neurohypophysis

Neural ectoderm

Axons of hypothalamic nuclei

-Pars nervosa -Eminentia mediana -Infundibular stem (neural stalk)

The Hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland): 100X

Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis

Fibrous capsule Sinusoidal capillaries +++ Cell types (based on secretory ganules within) Chromophils Acidophils (>>>) Basophils Chromophobes Very little cytoplasm dont take up stain well Small resting cells

Azan

Basophil

Acidophil

Chromophobe

Pars intermedia
Between pars distalis and pars nervosa Cuboidal cells Rathkes cysts Zona intermedia (in human) Basophils cells MSH

Posterior pituitary Down-growth of hypothalamus Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract Axons of neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior hypophysis Neurosecretory cells: paraventricular (oxytocin) & supraoptical (ADH) nuclei

Non-myelinated nerve fibers from neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus Supportive stroma pituicytes (neuroglial cells) Herrings bodies: neurosecretory granules in axons

Non-myelinated nerve fibers from neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus Supportive stroma pituicytes (neuroglial cells) Herrings bodies: neurosecretory granules in axons

LOCATION ANTERIOR AND LATERAL TO THE TRACHEA AND LARYNX

BUTTERFLY-SHAPED

2 LATERAL LOBES ISTHMUS

OUTER CAPSULE (dense connective tissue) LOBULES (Contain: numerous follicles, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium THYROID HORMONE (THYROXIN)

Stores large amount of hormone

Functional unit : the follicle simple cuboidal epithelium Height of cells proportional to activity

Simple squamous Simple columnair

Contain colloid inactive hormone bound to a glycoprotein (thyroglobulin)

 C-cells

Clear cells Parafollicular cells Secrete calcitonin

Canine Thyroid C cells (Clear Cells)

Function Together with calcitonin regulate calcium and phosphorus levels Direct action on bone & kidney Increase absorption of calcium from intestine Primarily responds to decreased calcium

 Chief

cells

Secrete PTH Small round nuclei Variably eosinophilic cytoplasm

Oxyphil

cells

Large lightly eosinophilic cells 1. Oxyphil cells

2. Chief cells 3. Connective tissue Azan

Parathyroid gland

Chief or Principle cells Oxyphil cells

Cortex Functional and structural zones Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis Medullar No separate zones

 Outermost

layer Irregular clusters Little glomeruli Secrete mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Participates in regulation of water/electrolyte balance

 Middle

layer Largest zone Straight cords (fascicles) Cells rich in lipid vacuoles Secrete glucocorticoids

Cortisol Diverse metabolic actions ACTH dependent

 Innermost

of

cortex Thinnest layer Often has significant amount of lipofuchsin granules

Supported by a highly vascular stroma Cells: Ganglion cells Chromaffin/ phaeochrome cells Synthesize and store catecholamines Adrenalin Noradrenalin

Supported by a highly vascular stroma Cells: Ganglion cells Chromaffin/ phaeochrome cells Synthesize and store catecholamines Adrenalin Noradrenalin

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

 Abdomen

cavity Endocrine & exocrine organ Endocrine Islets of langerhans Secrets metabolic hormones Exocrine Pancreatic acini Secrets digestive enzyme

 Cells

form clusters:

pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans

4 Types of Cells in Pancreatic Islets Alpha cells: produce glucagon Beta cells: secrete insulin Delta cells: produce peptide hormone identical to GH-IH F cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

 Stromal

vessels Cells Pineal (chief) cells Neurons Modified photoreceptors Contain melatonin and serotonin Neuroglial cells Pineal sand metaplastic calcification

tissue with blood