IP can run on top of Ethernet, but also ATM or

other transports. We look at IP over Ethernet.

Ethernet has its own addresses, the MAC-Address.
A MAC address looks like this: 00:20:E0:82:52:D0
Its also possible to send a broadcast, then the
message is read by every computer on the same
subnet.
Ethernet is a shared medium, like people in a
room. Everybody is allowed to speak, but only
when nobody else is speaking. If two persons start
speaking at the same time, both stop, wait a
random time and try again.
With the help of a Subnet-Mask
(Netmask)
Source and Destination IP-
address have to be equal where
the Netmask has 1-bits same
Subnet send directly
Otherwise different Subnet
use Router
A Router is often also called
Gateway
A Default Gateway is the
router that is the all directions
gateway, destination IP 0.0.0.0
Source-IP 10.0.152.10
Destination-IP 10.0.152.20
Netmask 255.255.255.0
Source-IP 10.0.152.10
Destination-IP 10.0.151.20
Netmask 255.255.255.0
Same Subnet:
Different Subnet:
Use boolean AND operation
Netmask: both nodes are in same subnet if:
(src-ip AND mask) == (dest-ip AND mask)
Source-IP 10.0.152.10
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 1010
Netmask 255.255.255.0
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
Src & Mask 10.0.152.0
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 0000
Destination-IP 10.0.152.20
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0001 0100
Netmask 255.255.255.0
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
Dest & Mask 10.0.152.0
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 0000
Destination-IP 10.0.151.20
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 0111 . 0001 0100
Netmask 255.255.255.0
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
Dest & Mask 10.0.151.0
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 0111 . 0000 0000
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Convert the Netmask to binary and count the 1-bits from the left
Write that as /count, for example /24 equals 255.255.255.0







In a netmask, there are always 1-bits from the left and 0-bits from the
right
This shorthand version of the netmask is called CIDR Notation
Online subnet-calculator:

http://www.subnet-calculator.com/cidr.php
255.255.0.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 /16
255.255.248.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1000 . 0000 0000 /21
255.255.255.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 /24
255.255.255.128 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1000 0000 /25
Broadcast Address is required for Cello nodes
broadcast = own-ip OR (NOT netmask)








Shortcut: set all bits to 1 in the own IP-address where the netmask bits
are zero.
Netmask 255.255.255.0
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
NOT Netmask
0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 1111 1111
Own IP 10.0.152.10
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 1010
Broadcast: 10.0.152.255
0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 1111 1111
To configure O&M access to a Cello node,
you need to know:











The NTP server is reqired for the wall clock in the node, used in the
timestamps in alarms, events, traces, and for validity check of license
keys.
NTP is not network synchronisation!
Own IP-address 10.0.152.51
Netmask 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway
(Router)
10.0.152.1
Broadcast Address 10.0.152.255
NTP Server 172.20.76.126
The first bit of the first byte is set to 0.
0xxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx
xxxx
Therefore host addresses can range from 0.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255. Entire IP address set to all 0s
designate the default route by Cisco. The network that
starts with 127 is reserved for diagnostics. For
example, 127.0.0.1 which is reserved for loopback
tests. Therefore the Class A network addresses can
only be 1 to 126. The default netmask is 255.0.0.0 or /8
network.node.node.node
Reserved private IP addresses for class A network:
10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
The first bit of the first byte is set to 1 and the
second to 0.
10xx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx
xxxx
Therefore IP addresses can range from 128.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.255. The default netmask is
255.255.0.0 or /16.

network.network.node.node
Reserved private IP addresses for class B
network:
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
The first 2 bits of the first byte is set to 1 and the
third to 0.
110x xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx
xxxx
Therefore IP addresses can range from 192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.255. The default netmask is
255.255.255.0 or /24.
network.network.network.node

Reserved private IP addresses for class C
network:
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
MSC MGw
VLAN=8
Ethernet-cable
V
L
A
N
=
8

V
L
A
N
=
2
3

Switch does
VLAN-tagging
Switch-Core
MSC MGw
VLAN=8
Switch-Core
Trunking-
Ports
VLAN-ID 8: Signalling
VLAN-ID 23: Userplane
On the trunking ports you still have to list the permitted VLAN-IDs!
V
L
A
N
=
8

V
L
A
N
=
2
3

Node Board 100 MBit/s 1 GBit/s VLAN
MGW
GPB
ET-MFG
MSC
GARP
GARP2
IP on CP
Integrated Site
ISER
EXB
Or TCP vs UDP
Connection oriented:
A virtual circuit is established
It uses sequencing
It uses acknowledgement
It uses flow control
Used to slow the depletion of available IP address
space
Many-to-one translation by using different ports.
Also known as Port Address Translation (PAT). In
theory, 65 000 hosts can use one public IP address.
NAT is useful when
You need to connect to the internet and your hosts
dont have globally unique IP addresses
You change to a new ISP which requires you to
renumber your network
You need to merge two intranets with duplicate
addresses

SCTP = TCP for Signaling, improved
Keep the good parts of TCP, improve the others:
message oriented instead of byte stream
parallel streams for unrelated messages. One stream
does not block the others
bundling of messages to improve efficiency
improved security (cookies to prevent SYN attacks)
improved reliability:
idle path supervision (heartbeat)
multihoming (multiple own IP addresses and
multiple paths)
Two own IP addresses (Multi = 2 in Ericsson)
Two independent paths to destination, no shared
equipment (2 boards, 2 switches, 2n routers...)
One primary path selected. This means no
loadsharing!
Retransmissions use also secondary path to
increase chances to get the message through
Heartbeat messages to supervise idle path(s)
Constellations:
If singlehoming, then reliability must be established on
higher layer (two MTP-routes)
S S S M M M
Association = (Local IP, Local SCTP Port, Remote
IP, Remote SCTP Port)
If one is different, its a different association
Two modes:
server/client: client establishes association towards
server. This is the more common mode.
peer-to-peer: either peer can establish association
The local port can be a random value =>
Ephemeral Port. The server will just reply to
whatever port the client has chosen. Requires
server/client mode.
In MSC and MGw the amount of configuration
data is roughly the same, but grouped differently:
M3uA
SCTP
M3uA
SCTP
MSC-S: MGW:
UDP TCP SCTP
Connection-
Oriented
Reliable
In-sequence
delivery

( )
Message
boundary
preserved
Multihoming
Supervision
Adaptive
Bandwidth
Units Datagram Byte Stream Message
Suited for Real-Time File Transfer Messages
Check the configuration on MGw and on MSC
Check again.
MGw Configuration:
ifconfig O&M connection (telnet)
linksetinfo IP-addresses and ports, SCTP assoc.
moget sctp ipaccesshostgpb ipaccesshostet ipinterface
MSC Configuration:
IHALP:SAID=ALL; non-BladeCluster
IHCLP:SAID=ALL,EPID=ALL; BladeCluster
General:
Wireshark (formerly Ethereal) GUI Tool, very
useful
tcpdump w filename to capture, Wireshark to analyze
ifconfig a; netstat rn On Unix/Linux
Application
ARP Layer
IP Layer
Send data to dest-IP
Is the dest-IP in my own subnet? (Look at: src-IP + dest-IP + netmask)
Send directly
Look up routing table. Do I have a
route to that network?
Send to the router
for that network
Send to default
gateway/router
Look up the MAC (Ethernet) address in my ARP-cache
of dest-IP of that router of default GW
Is the MAC address in the ARP cache?
Send packet to MAC address
Send ARP request, who has IP ...?
Receive ARP reply with dest MAC address
Store MAC address in ARP cache
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
My MAC address?
My VLAN?
yes no broadcast
no
For my IP address?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
ARP request?
IP routing enabled?
For my IP?
Send ARP reply
Which protocol?
Look up routing table
found not found
Send Destination
Unreachable
Forward
packet
UDP
TCP
SCTP
Port? Port? Port?
SIP GCP SIP RTP RTCP
Send
to
MSB
FTP SSH M3uA
Which DPC?
own not own
Send to
MTP routing Service Indicator?
SCCP QAAL2 GCP
14
12
3
Subsystem No.?
RANAP BSSAP HLR
142 254 6
My VLAN?
no
Layers
Protocol Data
Unit (PDU)
Network
equipment
Field to upper
layer
Example of
protocols
5-7
Application
Presentation
Session
N/A N/A N/A
FTP, SSH, HTTP,
SMTP, SNMP, etc.
4
Transport
Segment N/A Port
TCP, UDP and
SCTP
3
Network
Packet
Router
L3 Switch
Protocol
IP, IPX, AppleTalk
DDP, etc.
2
DataLink
Frame
Switch
L2 Switch
LAN switch
Type
IEEE 802.2 (LLC)
and IEEE 802.3
(MAC), PPP,
TokenRing, FDDI,
HDLC, ATM and
AAL, etc.
1
Physical
Bit Stream
Hubs
Optical fiber
Coax
Twisted pair
Wireless media
N/A