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ORGANELLA
and NUTRIENT
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Structure of eucaryotic cells
mitochondria
cell membrane
lysosomes
Golgi
rEPR (ribosomes)
sEPR
centrosome
nucleolus
nucleus
cytoplasm
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Cell
Membrane
Struktur : lipid bilayer (
phospholipids). -The
exposed heads ->
"hydrophilic"compatibel dg
H2O dlm sitosol dan dluar sel).
-Ekor yg tersembunyi->
"hydrophobic" (protective
barrier thd arus air yg tdk
terkontrol ).

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Function
1. Tempat menempel
cytoskeletal filaments atau
komponen extracellular
matrix maintain cells shape
and move to distant sites.
2. Regulasi fusi dari
membrane dg membran
lain di dlm cell melalui
junctions

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4. Tempat proteins-penting
untk activity sel:
receptors odors, tastes,
hormons, pores for entry
and exit of ions ex.
Na
+
,K
+
, Ca
++
.
5. peripheral cytosolic proteins
that are recruited to the
membrane surface function
as enzymes, intracelluler
signal transducers.


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6. Berfungsi sbg barier permeability untuk
menghambat masuknya materials from the
extracelluler yang tdak diinginkan and
keluarnya metabolites (e.g sugars and AA).
7. Mempertahankan komposisi ion dan pH
(7,2) of the cytosol.

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Nutrient dan cell
membrane
without the range of nutrients and
phytonutrients, the membranes become
brittle, develop holes (become leaky), not be
able to function properly, and not be
protective for your cell's DNA and energy
producing machinery.
Once unprotected, your DNA can develop
mutations which can cause the cell to be
unable to function, or even to become
malignant (cancerous).
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Healthy DNA and
nutrient
vitamin C found in citrus foods, and the
carotenoids from vegetables to protect
against free radical damage to your DNA,
which can cause mutations.
A range of other phytonutrients can also act
as antioxidants and help protect your cells
and DNA from free radicals; these include
anthocyanidins from fruits like grapes and
strawberries, and catechins found in green
tea and fruits like grapes.
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Protein yang membentuk pori yg membantu
mengontrol the small voltage gradient melalui
plasma membrane of all living cells (
electrochemical gradient).
Movement of nonionic solute through a channel
is strictly passive
channels permit the passage of ions based
solely on charge. It conducts a specific ion,
sodium or potassium.



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organelle
I. ER and GA
II. mitochondria
IV. lysosome, peroxysome and
endosome
V. Ribosome and polysome
VI. Inclusion bodies and vacuole
VII.cytoplasm
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GA: Structure
a membrane-bound structure with a
single membrane.
Tersusun atas cisternae (sacus )
Terbagi menjadi daerah: cis, medial
and trans.
Vesikel untuk Tansport rER fusi dg cis ,
ke median lalu ke trans .

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Overview of the
secretory and
endocytic pathways of
Protein sorting
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GA: function
Tempat mengepak
macromolecule untk
transport
Merubah vesikel dr
rER. Bahan Membran
baru matetrial dibuat
di cisternae of the
golgi.
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kandungan enzymatic or
hormonal contents of
lysosomes, peroxisomes
and secretory vesicles
are packaged in
membrane-bound
vesicles at the periphery
of the GA.


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GA and nutrient
The Golgi apparatus experiences
hypoplasia as a result of B6
hypovitaminosis, and this must be
considered in the context of fatty change in
the liver.

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RETICULUM
The largest membrane in eukaryotic cell
encloses ER.
Function: synthesis of lipid, membrane proteins
and secreted protein
Consist of smooth ER and rough ER
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Smooth ER
Berbentuk vesicles and tubules (banyak
terdapat di hepatocytes ) terutama yang
bertanggungjawab untul produksi hormon dan
prodk yg disekresikn lain.
a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane
Berperan tergantung tipe sel :
lipid (FA and Lipid) and steroid hormone synthesis
breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells,
modify or detoxify hydrophobic chemicals ex.
pesticides and carcinogens more water soluble
control of Ca release in muscle cell contraction.
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Rough ER
Adanya banyak ribosomes opaa permukaanya .
Protein yg disintesa di ribosomes collected in the
endoplasmic reticulum for transport throughout
the cell.
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ER dan kkurangan vit B6
The rough endoplasmic reticulum
experiences hypoplasia (underdevelopment).
By contrast one observes hyperplasia in the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which may
be regarded as a counter-regulatory
mechanism to the choking of protein
synthesis.

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MITOCHONDRIA
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Mitochondria: structure

Cylindris, 1-2 um and
0,1-0,5 um
double membrane). The
luar halus, bag dalam
berlekuk2 (cristae).
Semiautonomous (DNA,
protein, division).
Mengandung DNA
genomes mengkode
bbrp protein microbia.

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Mitochondria: Function

Respiratory cell
Pusat kekuatan cell: energy yg dibutuhkan sel
utk bergerak, membelah, menghasilkan produk
sekresi, kontraksi otot. High metabolism in the
cell (muscle, liver, kidney).
In the cristae: food (sugar) + O2 ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation) - the primary energy
source for the cell.

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Mitokondria dan penyakit
Mitochondriol function can be directly linked
to protection from certain chronic diseases ;
heart disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome
and chronic inflammation, as well as the
aging processes.
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Efek nutrisi pada
mitokondria
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B-vitamins are so important, adequate intake of
vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6 is extremely
important to support energy metabolism.
Good sources; whole grains, since the B
vitamins are concentrated in the bran of grains.
Wheat germ is one of the highest sources of
tocopherols, the family of vitamin E
micronutrients, and brown rice contains
oryzanol and ferulic acid, known to be effective
antioxidants and health-promoting compounds.
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Kekurangan Vit B6
mitochondria also show hypoplasia. This is due
to the dependency of the mitochondria upon the
endoplasmic protein synthesis. The disturbed
functional output of the ER is seen in the
reduced number of orthoperoxisomes as well.


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ETC dan vitamin
The food you eat must first be prepared for the
ETC (eletron transport chain).
The Kreb's cycle uses a multitude of vitamins
and minerals, in particular the B-vitamins,
vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6; and, this is onee
reason the B-vitamins are considered the energy
vitamins.
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Lysosome
Structure:
relatively large
vesicles formed by
the Golgi.
Dijumpai di hewan
tapi jarang di sel
tanaman .
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Lysosome : function

Autophagy (eating oneself) process dimana
organella ddegradasi di lysosome.
Material dibawa ke lysosome dg cara
endocytosis and phagocytosis
Mengandung enzymes hydrolisis scr
intracellularly memecah bahan: nucleases,
phosphatases
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3 pathways by which the
material are moved by
lysosomes.

1. endocytic pathway: soluble
macromolecules by invagination of
coated pit in the plasma membrane
2. phagocytic pathway: whole cells and
other large insoluble partices -from the
cell surface.
3. autophagic pathway : worn-out
organelles and bulk cytoplasm

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What are Lysosomal
Storage Disorders?

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are
inherited disorders caused by a deficiency of
enzymes that required for the breakdown of
certain complex carbohydrates
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
the normal breakdown of GAGs is incomplete or
blocked. The cell is then unable to excrete the
carbohydrate residues and they accumulate in
the lysosomes of the cell

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Peroxisomes
Banyak terdpt di sel cells, 1-2% of cell volume.
membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzymes.
In animal cells: melindungi sel dari produksi sendiri
2H
2
O
2
. Ex. white blood cells produce 2H
2
O
2
to kill
bacteria


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Peroxisome degrade toxic
compound

Semua peroxisome mengandung enzym oxidative :
use O2 to oxydize various substrates H2O2.
Catalases: 2H2O2 ----------- 2H2O + O2
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Peroxisome degrade long FA
Organela utama dmana FA dioksidasi ipada
kebanyakn tipe sel .
very long chain FA (> 20 CH2 groups) are
degraded only in peroxisomes and
mitochondria.
peroxisomal oxidation -/ATP but heat.
The acetyl groups is transported into cytosol in
the synthesis of cholesterol,
(Mitochondrial oxydation generate ATP)


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degradasi asam lemak :
Very long chain FA enter the Pr by
another transporter.

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Case study: defective on
Peroxisome
ALD- human genetic disease X-linked
(Adreno leuko dystrophy):
rusak pada pross oxidasi FA panjang
levels of FA di plasma and tissue
meningkat. Result: Patient dengan ALD
akut tidak terpengaruh sampai masa
kanak-kanak, tapi ketika neurological
disorder akut muncul mati dalambbrp
tahun.

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The Cytosol
tempat semua cell organelles reside
dan terjadiny cellular metabolism
occurs.
the cytosol is full of proteins that
control cell metabolism including
signal transduction pathways,
glicolysis, intracellular receptors, and
transcription factors.


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CYTOPLASM
the material between the plasma membrane
(cell membrane) and the nuclear envelope.
Cytoplasm: a collective term for the cytosol plus
the organelles suspended within the cytosol.
contains all cell organelles
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Kekurangan vit-B6 dan
effek terhadap organella
Study 7 weeks dengan nutrisi tanpa vitamin B6-
volume hepatocyte mengecil
atrophy pada seluruh organelles
single organelle atrophy
nucleolus hypertrophy, as the result of
segregation and protein synthesis inhibition.


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REFERENCE
Lodish, Matsuira (2000) Molecular Cell Biology
Alberts, Johnson et al(2008) The molecular
Biology of THE CELL