1

AGROEKOSISTEM SAYURAN:
Pengelolaan Tanah yang Ramah Lingkungan






MALANG, FPUB, SOEMARNO-2012
2
PRODUKSI
TANAMAN
1. Bertumpu pada unsur hara yang tersedia dalam
tanah

2. Penambahan unsur hara melalui pemupukan dan
praktek pengelolaan lainnya

Kemampuan tanah menyediakan
unsur hara sangat beragam dan
berfluktuasi

Teknik Diagnosis/Pendugaan:

1. Identifikasi gejala defisiensi hara
2. Uji Tanah
3. Analisis jaringan tanaman

Kemampuan tanah
menyediakan hara
bagi tanaman
Kebutuhan
tanaman
terhadap hara
3
TEKNIK
PENDUGAAN
STATUS
KESUBURAN
TANAH
Identifikasi Gejala Defisiensi Unsur
Hara pada tanaman

Analisis jaringan tanaman yg
tumbuh pada tanah

Uji Biologis:
Ukuran tingkat kesuburan tanah adalah pertumbuhan
tanaman atau mikroorganisme tertentu
UJI TANAH SECARA KIMIA

4

SIFAT OLAH TANAH


Pengelolaan tanah untuk memperbaiki sifat olah tanah dan pemupukan
saling berkaitan, tetapi prosesnya berbeda.

Misalnya, kompos atau pupuk kandang dapat diaplikasikan ke tanah
sebagai bahan pembenah-tanah untuk memperbaiki sifat-olah tanah;
akan tetapi aplikasi bahan tersebut juga akan menambah sejumlah hara
ke tanah (pemupukan).

A manufactured fertilizer may be added to supplement soil fertility
levels, but it will not improve a soils tilth.

For optimum yields and quality, gardeners need to pay attention to both
soil management for improving tilth and soil fertilization.


Tilth is a term related to the suitability of a soil to support plant growth.
Technically speaking, tilth is the physical condition of soil as related to
its ease of tillage, fitness of seedbed, and impedance to seeding
emergence and root penetration.

Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(10), pp. 318320, 25 October,
2011
Introductory trial on hybrid millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) at different locations of
District Karak, KPK, Pakistan
Inayatullah Khattak, Mohammad Aqeel Khattak and Shahida Naveed
An experiment was conducted on farmers fields to study the
yield performance of hybrid millet Badshah at various
locations of District Karak during Kharif 2010.
The experiment was conducted in 6 union councils at 18
different locations of District Karak representing various micro
agro climatic zones of the area.
Data on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant
population/m
2
, plant height (cm) and grain yield kg/ha were
recorded.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan lokasi
berpengaruh terhadap semua parameter penelitian pada
tingkat p = 0.05%.
Soil Amendment or Fertilizer
PEMBENAH TANAH atau PUPUK

The term soil amendment refers to any material mixed into a soil. By law, soil
amendments make no legal claims about nutrient content or other helpful (or
harmful) properties. Compost and manure are common soil amendments used
to improve soil tilth. They may also supply nominal amounts of plant nutrients.
Some of the nutrient effect seen from adding soil amendments is likely due to
their effect on soil microorganisms. The organic material in soil amendments is
a food source that allows microorganisms to multiply. The larger numbers
increase the conversion of nutrients already in the soil to plant usable forms.

Mulsa menunjuk pada material yang ditempatkan di permukaan tanah.

Istilah pupuk atau fertilizer menyatakan suatu material yang dijamin
kendungan minimumnya persentase hara (paling tidak persentase minimum
nitrogen, phosphate, dan kalium).

Pupuk organik berasal dari sumber-sumber alamiah dan dijamin kandungan
persentase minimum nitrogen, fosfat, dan kalium.

PEMBENAH TANAH =
Soil Amendments


In the vegetable garden, the routine addition of organic soil amendments such
as compost will optimize potential yields and quality.
The goal in soil management is to increase the organic content to 4-5%, over a
period of years.

Common amendments include compost, manure, compost made with manure,
fall leaves, straw, and peat moss. Home compost has the advantage that the
gardener controls what goes into the compost, reducing problems with salts,
weed seeds, and plant diseases.

Another method to add organic matter is to replant the fall garden with a green
manure crop such as winter rye or Austrian peas.

Beberapa jenis tanaman penutup tanah mampu memfiksasi nitrogen melalui
akar-akarnya dan akan dimasukkan ke dalam tanah dan tersedia bagi tanaman.

8
GEJALA
DEFISIENSI
UNSUR HARA
PADA TANAMAN
Pertumbuhan tanaman yg tidak normal dapat
disebabkan oleh adanya defisiensi satu atau
lebih unsur hara, gangguan dapat berupa gejala
visual yang spesifik.

Occurrence of symptoms:
1. Kegagalan pertumbuhan pd saat perkecambahan
2. Pertumbuhan tanaman sangat kerdil
3. Munculnya gejala spesifik pad daun, pd waktu tertentu
4. Internal abnormalities, misalnya penyumbatan jaringan pembuluh
5. Tertundanya kemasakan tanaman
6. Penurunan hasil tanaman
7. Kualitas tanaman: kandungan protein, minyak, pati, daya simpan
8. ..
Gejala defisiensi bersifat relatif, seringkali defisiensi satu unsur hara
bersamaan dengan kelebihan unsur hara lainnya.
Di lapangan tidak mudah membedakan gejala-gejala defisiensi.
Tidak jarang gangguan hama dan penyakit menyerupai gejala defisiensi
unsur hara mikro.
Gejala dapat terjadi karena berbagai macam sebab
9

On clayey soil, organic matter (over a period of years) glues the tiny soil
particles together into larger aggregates, increasing pore space.

This increases soil oxygen levels and improves soil drainage, which in-turn
increases the rooting depth allowing roots to readily reach a larger supply of
water and nutrients.

On sandy soils, organic matter holds over ten times more water and
nutrients than sand.

Bahan organik juga memacu aktivitas mikroba tanah dan membantu
menyembuhkan pemadatan tanah.
Bagaimana Bahan Pembenah Organik
Memperbaiki Tanah?
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(6), pp. 167174, June 2011
Effects of different sources of nitrogen on potato at Tigoni, Kenya
Jane Muthoni and Jackson N. Kabira
A field experiment was set up to investigate the effects of different sources of nitrogen
on potato at Tigoni in Kenya. The treatments consisted of ten fertilizer materials and two
potato Solanum tuberosum varieties, namely, Tigoni and Asante. The experiment was
conducted for two consecutive seasons: October, 2008 to February, 2009 (first season)
and April, 2009 to August, 2009, (second season). The experiment was a factorial laid
in randomized complete block design with three replications.
The potato yields were high with variety Tigoni giving an average of 81.0 tons/ha in the
first season and 86.8 tons/ ha in the second season. Variety Asanteyielded an average
of 59.5 tons/ha in the first season and 62.1 tons/ha in the second season.
Pupuk, varietas tanaman, dan interaksi antara pupuk dan varietas tanaman
berpengaruh nyata (p = 0.05) selama dua musim pertumbuhan.
The experiment need to be repeated on farmers fields where the masking effects of the
residual fertilizers can be eliminated. In addition, the cost of different fertilizer
combinations needs to be evaluated so as to make the most profitable
recommendations to potato growers in Kenya.
11
HIDDEN HUNGER =
KELAPARAN
TERSEMBUNYI
Situasi dimana tanaman memerlukan tambahan unsur hara
tertentu meskipun belum ada gejala defisiensi yang spesifik
Kandungan hara dalam tanaman berada di atas zone
defisiensi, namun masih berada di bawah batas optimal
untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman
Optimum fisiologis
Top yield


Hidden hunger Optimum
ekonomis






Symptoms

dosis pemupukan
Hasil analisis tanaman berguna untuk menyusun program pemupukan musim tanam mendatang .
Hasil uji tanah berguna untuk membantu mengeliminir / mengatasi problematik hara musim tanam
sekarang
Kedua cara ini harus digunakan dengan hati-hati, terutama dikaitkan dengan sejarah pengelolaan
tanah pada masa yang lalu
Melacak hidden hunger

Field trial Tissue test


Plant analyses Feed value


Morfologi Part analyses
root
absorption Soil tests

air tanah, aerasi, suhu

Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(12), pp. 393403, 22
December, 2011 Carbon accumulation and aggregate stability in an Acrisol under
different fallow management in Ghana
G. N. N. Dowuona, E. T. Adjetey
1
, E. K. Nartey
1
, T. A. Adjadeh
1
, R. Heck
Soil organic carbon (SOC) in relation to aggregate stability, plant biomass accumulation and other
properties of a Ferric Acrisol under different fallow management practices was determined to
ascertain their potential for sequestering carbon. Three minor season fallow treatments replicated
four times were natural and burning (T
1
), natural and plough-in (T
2
), pigeon pea (T
3
), bare land
(T
4
), cowpea (T
5
), mucuna (T
6
) and natural and fertilized cropped (T
7
).Inherent nutrient status of
the soil was low.
Generally, dry matter (DM) yield increased for all the treatments in the minor season of 2006 more
than in 2005. A high DM yield for T
3
resulted from the shrubby and semi-woody nature of pigeon
pea.Moisture stress from low rainfall decrease DM yield in 2007. In 2005, SOC contents of the
treatment plots were lower than the initial amount although, T
3
produced relatively the highest
SOC accumulation (20,293 326 kg C ha
-1
). In 2006, the legume-amended treatments (T
3
, T
5
and
T
6
) had similar SOC contents as the control (T
4
); the lower SOC contents in the natural fallow plots
confirmed the negative effect of burning, especially in T
1
.
Soil OC accumulation was greater in 2007 than in 2006 (except for T
4
). Water dispersible silt
fraction decreased with increasing SOC accumulation (r value = - 0.88**). Dispersion ratios, more
related to SOC (R
2
value of -0.95** in the natural fallows and - 0.76* in the legume fallows),
generally decreased from an average of 0.88 in 2006 to 0.50 in 2008 emphasizing the positive role
of aggregate stability in SOC accumulation.
13

General application rates for compost or other organic soil amendments are
based on the salt content of the materials and soil and on the depth to which it
is cultivated into the soil.

Ideally, cultivate the soil amendment into the
top six to eight inches of the soil. On compacted/clayey soils, anything less can
lead to a shallow rooting system with reduced plant growth, lower vigor, and
lower stress tolerance.

Table 1 gives standard application rate for compost. Compost made solely
from plant residues (leaves and other yard wastes) is basically free of salt
problems, and higher application rates are safe.
APLIKASI KOMPOS
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(11), pp. 375383, 29 November, 2011
Effect of Rice Mill Wastes Application on Selected Soil Physical Properties and Maize Yield (Zea
mays l.) On an Ultisol in Abakaliki Southeastern Nigeria
Njoku C., Mbah, C.N. and Okonkwo, C. I.
An experiment was carried out in 2008, 2009 and 2010 (residual) cropping season at
Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management,
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to determine the long term effect of burnt and unburnt rice
mill wastes application on soil physical properties and maize yield. The experiment was laid
out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Seven treatments
were included in the study: burnt rice mill waste at 10 and 20 t ha
-1
(BW
10
) and (BW
20
), unburnt
rice mill waste at 10 and 20 t ha
-1
(UW
10
) and (UW
20
), mixture of burnt + unburnt rice mill
waste (1:1) at 10 and 20 t ha
-1
(BUW
10
) and (BUW
20
), and a control (C).
The results showed that rice mill wastes significantly (P < 0.05) improved soil physical
properties (hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability) and maize yield, compared to
control across the three cropping seasons. The order of increase in crop grain yield in 2008
and 2009 cropping seasons were BW
20
>BUW
20
> BUW
10
>UW
20
>BW
10
>UW
10
>C and
BUW
20
>BUW
10
>BW
20
> UW
20
>BW
10
>UW
10
>C. Control recorded the lowest value of crop
grain yield (0.12 t ha
-1
) in 2010 cropping season. At rate of 20 t ha
-1
BW, BUW and UW
recorded highest maize grain yield of 4.18, 4.06 and 1.70 t ha
-1
in 2008, 2009 and 2010
cropping seasons, respectively. Therefore, rice mill wastes at these rates studied (10 and 20 t
ha
-1
) could be used as soil amendment since it improved soil physical properties and
increased maize yield.
15
PENGARUH
MUSIM

Kekurangan hara dalam tanah diperparah oleh kondisi cuaca
yang abnormal, misalnya kekeringan tanah atau kelebihan air
yg menggenang, atau suhu tanah yang tdk normal.
Pengaruh temperatur thd kandungan N-P-K daun tomat

Umur Dry matter (%)
tanaman 12oC 20oC
(hari) N P K N P K

36 3.27 0.15 2.12 4.92 0.38 4.23
50 4.11 0.37 3.11 4.78 0.44 4.40
60 4.62 0.35 1.70 6.05 0.47 3.12
110 4.40 0.43 4.95 4.15 0.62 4.20

Sumber: Zurbicki, 1960.
Pada kondisi temperatur rendah, tanaman tomat menyerap lebih sedikit
nitrogen, fosfat dan kalium.

16
Table 1. Routine Application Rate for Compost
1 3 cubic yards (67 bushels) covers 1,000 square feet approximately 1 inch deep.
2 Cultivate compost into the top 6-8 inches of the soil. On compacted / clayey soils, anything less may result in a shallow
rooting depth predisposing plants to reduced growth, low vigor and low stress tolerance. The 3-4 inch depth is shown as
an illustration of how application rates need to adjust when the deep cultivate is not practiced.
3 Plant based composted are derived solely from plant materials (leaves, grass clippings, wood chips and other wards
wastes). Use this application rate also for other compost known, by soil test, to be low in salts.
4 Use this application rate for any compost made with manure or biosolids unless the salt content is known, by soil test, to
be low. Excessive salts are common in many commercially available products sold in Colorado.
17

Compost, which includes manure or biosolids as a component, has a
potential for high salts. Excessive salt levels are common in many
commercially available products sold in Colorado.

On compost made with manure or biosolids, application rate is limited
unless a soil test on that batch of product shows a low salt level.

An amendment with up to 10 dS/m (10 mmhos/cm) total salt is acceptable if
incorporated six to eight inches deep in a low-salt garden soil (less than 1
dS/m or 1 mmhos/cm).

Any amendment with a salt level above 10 dS/m (10 mmhos/cm) is
questionable.
Note: dS/m or mmhos/cm is the unit used to measure salt content. It
measures the electrical conductivity of the soil
APLIKASI KOMPOS
18
PENGARUH
stress AIR
TANAH

Stress air tanah mempengaruhi penyerapan unsur
hara oleh tanaman jagung.
Kandungan NPK daun jagung lebih rendah pada
kondisi stress air tanah.
Pemupukan dapat mereduksi efek stress air tanah
Pengaruh pemupukan N-P-K dan stress air tanah thd kadar NPK daun jagung

Dosis pupuk Kadar NPK
N P K No stress days Maximum stress
kg/ha . % N ....

0 78 47 2.0 1.5
179 78 47 2.9 2.2

% P ....
179 0 47 0.26 0.12
179 78 47 0.32 0.18

% K ....
179 39 0 1.1 0.7
179 39 93 1.6 1.2

Sumber: Voss, 1970.
19

Compost needs to be thoroughly mixed into the upper six to eight inches of
the soil profile. Do not leave compost in chunks, as this will interfere with
root growth and soil water movement.

As the soil organic content builds in a garden soil, the application rate
should be reduced to prevent ground water contamination issues. A soil test
is suggested every four to six years to establish a base line on soil organic
matter content.
If using a green manure cover crop, till the cover crop in before it reaches
four inches in height.
In the vegetable garden do not plow in woody materials such as bark or
wood chips.
They may interfere with seedbed preparation and may result in soil nitrogen
depletion.
APLIKASI KOMPOS
20

APLIKASI KOMPOS DAN PUPUK KANDANG

Manure, compost made from manure, and bio-solids may be high in salts
that will interfere with crop growth. Do not add more than one inch per
season without conducting a soil test to evaluate potential salt build-up.

Due to a health issue (E coli contamination), fresh manure additions
should be made at least four months prior to the harvest of any edible
crops. In other words, apply fresh manure only in the fall after crops are
harvested.

Fresh manure or unfinished compost products may be high in ammonia.

Avoid application of products with an ammonia smell; they could burn
roots and leaves. Manure and compost may be source of weed seeds.

21
ANALISIS
TANAMAN
(Plant Analyses)
Dua macam analisis tanaman yg lazim adalah:
1. Tissue test, biasanya dilakukan pada jaringan segar tanaman
di lapangan
2. Total analyses, dilakukan di laboratorium

Analisis tanaman didasarkan pada premise bahwa: Jumlah unsur hara
tertentu dalam tanaman merupakan indikasi dari ketersediaan unsur hara
tersebut dalam tanah.

Karena kekurangan unsur hara tertentu akan membatasi pertumbuhan
tanaman, maka kemungkinan unsur hara lain dalam tanaman menunjukkan
konsentrasi tinggi.

Tingkat kritis (critical level) unsur hara telah berhasil ditemukan pada berbagai jenis tanaman.
Tingkat kritis adalah kandungan (content) suatu unsur hara dalam tanaman, di bawah mana hasil
tanaman atau pertumbuhannya menurun di bawah optimum.
Misalnya tingkat kritis P daun jagung pada masa pembungaan adalah 0.3% P.

Ternyata besarnya tingkat kritis ini juga dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan unsur hara lain dalam tubuh
tanaman
22
TISSUE TEST

Uji Jaringan
Tanaman

Dalam uji ini digunakan cairan sel dari jaringan tanaman segar
untuk mengetahui jumlah unsur hara yg masih belum
terasimilasi, seperti N, P, K, Mg dan Mn.
Hasil uji ini dikategorikan menjadi Sangat Rendah, Rendah,
Medium,atau Tinggi
GENERAL METHOD
1. The Purdue Soil and Plant Test Kit: Bagian tanaman dihancurkan dan
diekstraks dengan reagen khusus. Intensitas warna yang berkembang
diabndingkan dengan standar
2. Metode Kertas Saring. Cairan sel dipindahkan ke dalam kertas saring,
kemudian dilakukan uji unsur hara N, P, K dengan menggunakan reagen
tertentu.

PLANT PARTS TO BE TESTED

Harus dipilih bagian tanaman yang dapt memberikan indikasi paling baik terhadap
status hara tanaman.

23
Laju Pelepasan Hara dari Kompos dan Rabuk Kandang

Gardeners need to understand that the nutrient release from compost and
manure is slow, taking years. Adding compost or manure to improve soil tilth is
not the same as fertilizing.
The typical nitrogen release rates from manure is only 30% to 50% the first year
(fresh manure), 15% to 25% the second year, 7% to 12% the third year, 3% to 6%
the fourth year, and so on. With compost and composted manure, the release
rate is even slower, 5% to 25% the first year, 3% to 12% the second year and 1%
to 6% the third year.
Since the nitrogen percentage of compost and manure products is typically only
2% to 4%, the amount of actual nitrogen release to support crop growth is very
small.
For soil with 4% to 5% organic matter, the mineralization (release) of nitrogen
from soil organic matter will likely be sufficient for crop growth.
For soils with 2% to 3% organic matter, the mineralization of nitrogen from soil
organic matter will not likely be sufficient for heavy feeding vegetable crops.
Supplement with 0.1 pound nitrogen fertilizer per 100 square feet.
For the typical garden soil with 1% organic matter or less, the mineralization of
nitrogen for soil organic matter will be minimal. Add 0.2 pounds of nitrogen
fertilizer per 100 square feet.
24

WAKTU
PENGUJIAN

Tingkat kemasakan sangat penting dalam uji jaringan
tanaman.
Umumnya tanaman semusim mengalami perubahan
status hara selama masa pertumbuhannya
Umumnya periode kritis terjadi pada fase pembungaan
atau antara pembungaan hingga awal pembuahan.
Selama periode ini penggunaan unsur hara pada tingkat
maksimum.
Kandungan nitrat biasanya lebih tinggi pd pagi hari,
sehingga uji jaringan tdk boleh pagi-pagi.

Beberapa hal penting:
1. Hal yg ideal adalah mengikuti serapan hara selama musim pertumbuhan dg jalan uji
lapangan sebanyak lima atau enam kali. Biasanya kandungan hara lebih tinggi pada
awal musim pertumbuhan
2. Kebutuhan tanaman paling besar biasanya terjadi pd saat masa pembungaan dan awal
pembentukan buah dan biji
3. Pembandingan tanaman di lapangan sangat berguna. Uji tanaman dari daerah defisien
dibandingkan dg tanaman dari daerah normal
4. Ragam tanaman, jumlah sampel 10 - 15 tanaman
25
PENGGUNAAN
ANALISIS
JARINGAN
TANAMAN
1. Membantu menentukan kemampuan tanah untuk
menyediakan unsur hara. Hasil uji jaringan ini
dipadukan dengan hasil uji tanah dan sejarah
pengelolaan lahan.
2. Membantu mengidentifikasi gejala defisiensi

3. Membantu menentukan pengaruh pemupukan thd suplai hara dlm tanaman. Hal ini
sangat penting untuk mengukur pengaruh pupuk meskipun tidak ada respon hasil.
Dalam banyak kasus, hara ppuk tidak dapat diserap tanaman karena penempatannya
keliru, cuaca kering, pencucian, fiksasi oleh tanah, atau aerasi buruk
4. Mengkaji hubungan antara status hara tanaman dengan penampilan tanaman
5. Survei daerah yang luas
6. Menarik partisipasi banyak orang.

26

Soil fertilization is the addition of soil nutrients to support crop growth.

While some soil amendments add small amounts of nutrients, amending the
soil to improve soil tilth is not the same as amending the soil to provide
nutrients.

Manufactured fertilizers are popular with gardeners because they are readily
available, inexpensive, easy to apply, and generally provide a quick release
of nutrients for plant growth.

Application rates for any fertilizer depend on the content and the amount of
nutrient to be applied. In products containing multiple nutrients, the
application rate is always based on the nitrogen content.
PEMUPUKAN
27
Pemupukan Nitrogen


Nitrogen is the nutrient needed in largest quantities by plants and the one most
frequently applied as fertilizer. It is annually applied in the form of manufactured
fertilizer, organic fertilizers, and/or organic soil amendments.

Application rates are critical, because too much or too little directly impacts
crop growth.

The standard annual application rate for home vegetable gardens is 2 pounds
actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet (0.2 pound actual nitrogen per 100 square
feet). When organic matter is supplied, adjust the rate accordingly to account
for nitrogen released by the organic matter.

Manufactured nitrogen fertilizer can be broadcast and watered in, or broadcast
and tilled into the top few inches of soil. It can be banded 3-4 to the side of the
seed or plant row. Do not place the fertilizer in the seed row or root injury will
occur. Some fully soluble types are applied in the irrigation water. Organic
nitrogen fertilizers are typically tilled in or some can be applied in irrigation
water.

28
Table 2. Standard Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates for Gardens
29
Pupuk Dasar = Starter


In setting out transplants, starter solutions often promote early growth.
Because transplants have been hardened-off (growth slowed to prepare the
plant for movement to the exposed, windy, outdoor environment), the
nitrogen in the starter solution gives the signal to resume active growth.

Since phosphorus is less available in cold soils, phosphate may also be
helpful in spring and before soils have thoroughly warmed.

A starter fertilizer is any water-soluble fertilizer added to the irrigation water.
Common examples include MiracleGro, Peters, Schultz Plant Food, Fertilome
Root Simulator and Plant Starter Solution, etc.

They generally contain ammonium nitrate since it is readily usable by the
plant. Some products claim that vitamins or hormones promote plant growth.
These claims are not supported by research findings.

30

KALIBRASI
UJI TANAH

Hasil uji tanah harus dikalibrasikan dengan respon tanaman
thd penambahan unsur hara (pupuk) .
Respon tanaman dapat diperoleh dari percobaan lapangan atau
rumah kaca.
Indeks kesuburan tanah = relative sufficiency yg dinyatakan
sbg persentase dari jumlah yang diperlukan untuk mencapai
hasil maksimum
Indeks Kesuburan (%) Indeks Kesuburan (%)

Sangt Rendah 0 - 50 Tinggi 110 - 200
Rendah 60-70 Sngt Tinggi 210 - 400
Medium 80-100 Ekstrem Tinggi > 410
Tingkat kritis = Indeks kesuburan 75 %
Peluang respon pupuk






S. Rdh Rndh Medium Tinggi Sgt Tinggi
Tingkat kesuburan tanah
31
REKOMENDASI
PUPUK
1. Interpretasi hasil uji tanah melibatkan evaluasi ekonomi terhadap
hubungan antara nilai uji tanah dengan respon pupuk.
2. Potensial respon pupuk dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor tanah,
agroklimat, dan pengelolaan oleh petani
3. Rekomendasi pemupukan nitrogen sangat dipengaruhi oleh tanaman
musim sebelumnya dan sasaran hasil
4. Untuk sistem komersial, sasarannya adalah mempertahankan hara
tanah pd tingkat untuk melestarikan top profit per hektar lahan.
Unsur hara tdk boleh menjadi faktor pembatas selama pertumbuhan
tanaman.
Hasil tanaman

D

C


Respon hasil thd pemupulan
Tgt pd potensial hasil tanaman
B A: terendah; D: tertinggi



A
Dosis pupuk
32
Nitrogen Side Dressing

Plant need for nitrogen varies. Beans, peas, tomatoes, and vine crops
(cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, and melons) are examples of vegetables
with a lower need for nitrogen. High nitrogen promotes excessive growth of
the plant at the expense of fruiting.

Crops such as potatoes, corn, and cole crops (broccoli, cauliflower,
cabbage, and kale) use large amounts of nitrogen and need supplemental
applications during the growing season (referred to as side dressing).

For example, home garden potatoes often show nitrogen deficiency from
August into fall. Symptoms start as a yellowing of lower leaves and progress
into a general browning and dieback of the vine. When nitrogen stress hits,
potatoes become more susceptible to diseases, including early blight and
verticillium wilt. [Table 3]

Fertilizers commonly used in the home garden for side dressing include
ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and water-soluble fertilizers such as
MiracleGro, Peters, etc. Phosphate and potash fertilizers are best added in
the spring or fall, when they can be cultivated into the soil.

33
Table 3. Nitrogen Side Dressing of Vegetable Crops
34
Bagian tanaman yg digunakan untuk Uji Jaringan Tanaman
Tanaman Nitrogen Fosfor Kalium

Jagung Main stem , Leaf midribs near ear Blade tissue,
leaf midribs midrib near ear

Kedelai - Petiole pd bagian atas tnm Petiole

Biji-bijian Main stem Jar daun di dekat pusat tnm
Sama dg Fosfor

Kentang dan Main stem, Petiole pd bag bawah tnm
Petiole

Tomat Petiole

Sumber: Ohlrogge, 1962.
35

A soil test is the best method to determine the need for phosphate and
potash.
With a fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphate and/or potash, the
application rate is always based on the nitrogen percentage because
nitrogen is most critical to plant growth.
Phosphate and potash fertilizers are best applied in the spring or fall, when
they can be tilled into the soil
APLIKASI P DAN K
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(1), pp. 913, January 2011
Comparative study of different organic manures and NPK fertilizer for improvement of
soil chemical properties and dry matter yield of maize in two different soils
Adeniyan O. N.*, Ojo A. O., Akinbode, O. A. and Adediran J. A.

A pot experiment was conducted to compare different organic manures with NPK fertilizer for
improvement of chemical properties of acid soil from farmers field in coastal area of Epe and
nutrient depleted soil from research field of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor
Plantation, Ibadan. Maize was planted for 12 weeks and dry matter yield was determined.

Results showed that application of 5 ton/ha of each of the evaluated organic manures and 100
kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer improved chemical properties of both acid and nutrient depleted soils
compared with unfertilized soil. Application of different types of organic manures reduced the acidic
levels of both the soils. Cow dung application resulted in the highest pH levels of 6.37 and 6.50 in
acid soil and nutrient depleted soil respectively while NPK fertilizer gave lowest pH levels of 5.28
and 5.74 for both soils. Also, application of different types of organic manures enhanced soil
organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable K and CEC better than NPK fertilizer in both soils.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rabuk organik dapat memperbaiki sifat-sifat kimia
tanah. Hasil biomasa tanaman lebih banyak meningkat dengan aplikasi pupuk NPK
dibandingkan dengan kompos, dan rabuk kandang ayam pada kedua jenis tanah.
Pada tanah masam, aplikasi pupuk NPK menghasilkan biomasa tertinggi sebesar 4.77
g/plant sedangkan pada tanah-tanah miskin unsur hara aplikasi upupk NPK menghasilkan
biomasa tanaman terbesar 5.58 g/plant.

37
INPERPRETASI
TISSUE TEST
&
PLANT ANALYSES
Interpretasi hasil uji dan analisis tanaman harus
dikaitkan dengan proses fisiologi tanaman.

Beberapa faktor penting yang harus dipertimbangkan
adalah:
1. Performance dan vigor tanaman secara umum
2. Kandungan unsur hara lainnya dalam tanaman
3. Adanya gangguan hama dan penyakit
4. Kondisi tanah, seperti aerasi yg buruk, kemasaman tanah, suhu
tanah
5. Kondisi air tanah, stress air , genangan air
6. Kondisi klimatik
7. Waktu dalam seharian: pagi, siang, sore, malam.

1. Umumnya kalau pada awal pertumbuhannya tanaman mempunyai kandungan
N,P, atau K yang rendah hingga medium, maka hasil tanaman akan di bawah
optimum
2. Pada saat pembungaan hasil uji medium hingga tinggi dianggap cukup untuk
kebanyakan tanama n

38
ANALISIS
TOTAL HARA
Analisis Total dilakukan pada sluruh tanaman atau
bagian-bagian tanaman.
Bahan tanaman dikeringkan, dihaluskan dan
diabukan.
Bahan abu tanaman kemudian diekstraks dengan
reagen kimia.
1. Kalau kadar K daun bagian bawah lebih rendah dari kadar K daun bagian atas, maka
tanaman defisiensi kalium.
2. Peningkatan hasil dg peningkatan kadar hara
3. Keseimbangan hara
4. Time of sampling: Kadar hara tanaman menurun mulai dari awal hingga akhir masa
pertumbuhannya
5. Crop Logging: Penggunaan analisis tanaman dalam operasi produksi tanaman
6. A-Value Technique: Teknik Analisis Radio-kimiawi

Pemupukan N menurunkan kadar P dan K tanaman tebu umur 10 bulan

Dosis pupuk N (lb/A) Internode 8-10 :
Nitrogen (ppm) Fosfor (ppm) Kalium (ppm)

0 229 131 1160
300 463 57 340

Sumber: Burr, 1960.
39

Ketersediaan P dalam tanah-tanah pertanian sangat beragam.

Deficiencies are most likely to occur in new gardens where the
organic matter content is low and in soils with a high pH (7.8 to 8.3).
Excessive phosphorus fertilizer can aggravate iron and zinc
deficiencies and increase soil salt content.
Routine application of compost or manure will supply the
phosphorus needs in most garden soils in Colorado.

Where phosphorus levels are believed to be low, the standard
application rate without a soil test is to 1-pound triple super
phosphate (0-46-0) or ammonium phosphate (18-46-0) per 100 square
feet
Phosphorus
40
Hasil tanaman jagung (Y)




Y = 1.20 + 31.88 X
r = 0.96
(Hanway, 1962)




Kadar N daun jagung (X)
Hasil tanaman jagung (Y)








at tasseling

(Loue, 1963)

Kadar Ca atau Mg daun jagung (Y)






(Loue, 1963) Ca


Mg


Kadar K petiole


Dosis pupuk K = 400 kg/ha



200


100
0
(Tyler et al., 1960)

Kadar K daun jagung (X)
Kadar K daun jagung (X) Umur tanaman kentang
41
UJI
BIOLOGIS
UJI LAPANGAN.
Percobaan lapangan melibatkan berbagai perlakuan
pemupukan pada sebidang lahan. Biasanya digunakan
Rancangan Percobaan tertentu
Ukuran petakan contoh tgt jenis tanaman dan jatak
tanamnya

UJI PETIK DI LAHAN PETANI
Sepetak lahan petani diperlakukan dengan pemupukan yang
direkomendasikan berdasarkan hasil uji tanah dan/atau analisis
tanaman.
UJI LABORATORIUN DAN RUMAH-KACA
1. Mitscherlich Pot Culture
2. Neubauer Seedling Method
3. Sunflower Pot Culture technique for Boron
METODE MIKROBIOLOGIS
1. Sackett & Stewart Technique
2. Aspergillus Niger
3. Mehlich Cunninghamella-Plaque Method for Phosphorus
42


Kandungan kalium dalam tanah beragam antar lokasi.

Deficiencies occasionally occur in new gardens low in organic matter
and in sandy soils low in organic matter. Excessive potash fertilizer can
increase soil salt content.

Aplikasi secara rutin kompos dan pupuk kandang akan mensuplai
kebutuhan kalium bagi tanaman.

Where potash levels are believed to be low, the standard application rate
without a soil test is to pound potassium chloride (0-0-60) or
potassium sulfate (0-0-50) per 100 square feet.
Potassium
43
Pengelolaan Pemadatan Tanah

Pada tanah berliat, pemadatan tanah merupakan masalah penting yang
berpotensi membatasi pertumbuhan tanaman. Tanah mengalami pemadatan
selama proses budidaya pertanian.

Menginjak-injak tanah basah, mengolah tanah basah, dan pukulan air hujan
merupakan gaya-gaya yang dapat memadatkan tanah.
Berikut ini tindakan untuk meminimumkan efek pemadatan tanah:
Aplikasi bahan organik ke tanah-tanah liat.
Avoid cultivating or working a clayey soil when wet. To evaluate, squeeze a
handful of soil. Then try to crumble it. If it will crumble, it can be worked. If it
will not crumble but stays in mud balls, it is too wet to be worked.
Avoid cultivating other than to prepare a seed bed or till in organic matter and
fertilizers. For weed control, use a mulch, hand removal, or shallow cultivation
only.
Use a raised bed with established walkways, and avoid walking on the
growing bed.
Mulsa di permukaan tanah sepanjang tahun, untuk meminimumkan gaya-
gaya pemadatan tanah akibat air hujan dan irigasi semprot. Hal ini juga
membantu mengendalikan gulma dan mengurangi penguapan air.

44
Ketersediaan dan keseimbangan hara dalam tanah
SAMPLING:
Tanah &
Tanaman
Analisis
Laboratorium
Korelasi antara hasil
analisis & respon
tanaman
Interpretasi &
Rekomendasi
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(7), pp. 193197, July 2011
Effects of cow-dung and rock phosphate on heavy metal content in soils and plants
O. O.

Awotoye, D. J. Oyedele and B. C. Anwadike
Field trial was conducted with the view to determining the ideal rock phosphate (RP) and
the level of cow dung fertilizer combination with respect to heavy metal contamination of
soil and crops. Soils amended with Ogun rock phosphate (ORP) were subjected to 1-4 tha
-
1
of cow dung on which maize (Zea mays (L) and okra (Abelmuscus esculentum) were
planted.
The amended soils were found to be enriched with heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd)
more than the unamended soil but were still within the tolerable level with the exception of
Cd which had a high value of 5.30 mg g
-1
above the critical value of 3mg g
-1
.

The application of RP in combination with various levels of cow dung elevated the Pb, Zn
and Cu content in the tissue of maize relative to the control. The Zn and Pb content of okra
were not affected except for Cu and As in soil amended with RP and various levels of cow
dung relative to the control. Transfer factor (TF) was higher in the treatment with RP
supplemented with 2 t ha
-1
of cow dung particularly for Pb and Zn for both crops relative to
other treatments. Except for Cu and Zn, increasing the level of cow dung while RP did not
increase the TF value of the heavy metals to the crops.
46
Contoh Tanah representatif :

1. Terdiri 10-20 subsample dari zone perakaran: 0-20 cm
2. Sebidang lahan yg seragam slope, drainage, warna, dan
sejarah pemupukannya
3. Area non-representatif: fence row, manure pile
4. Informasi pelengkap: petani, nomor lapangan,
tanaman, praktek pemupukan
5. Waktu sampling
6. Sampel komposit: 500 g, ditumbuk, diayak 2 mm

47
TUJUAN UJI
TANAH

1. Untuk mempertahankan status kesuburan sebidang
lahan

2. Untuk meramalkan / menduga respon kapur dan pupuk yg
menguntungkan

3. Untuk mendapatkan landasan bagi rekomendasi jumlah kapur
dan pupuk

4. Untuk mengevaluasi status kesuburan tanah di suatu wilayah


48
SOIL TEST
LEVEL
Sumber Unsur Hara

Sgt Tinggi


Tinggi


Medium


Rendah


Sgt Rendah



Tanah Pupuk
Tanah Pupuk
Tanah Pupuk
Tanah Pupuk
Tanah Pupuk
Unsur hara yg
tersedia dari
dlm tanah
Unsur hara yg diperlukan dari pupuk
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 3(4), pp. 9196, April 2012
Assessment of soil quality improvement under Teak and Albizia
Ziblim Abukari Imoro*, Damian Tom-Dery and Kingsley Arnold Kwadwo
This study was conducted to assess the quality of soil in terms of soil nutrients and other
physico-chemical properties under Tectona grandis and Albizia lebbeck plantations.
Systematic sampling was used to collect soil samples diagonally at eight spots in each
plantation and their adjacent non-tree fields as controls. The samples were collected from
soil depth of 0 to 20 cm in both plantations and controls and analyzed for pH, % of
Organic carbon (O-C), % of Nitrogen (N), available Phosphorus (P) and Bulk density (Db).
The study revealed that the mean levels of N, O-C and P under the T. grandis plantation
were higher than its control plot. However, there was no significant difference in the level
of N except for the O-C and P. Also, the pH and Db under the T. grandis were lower than
its control plot but there was no significant difference between them. There was significant
difference in the levels of N, O-C and P under the A. lebbeck plantation and its control
plot. The N, O-C and P were higher under the A. lebbeck plantation compared to its
control plot. The pH and Db were lower under the A. lebbeck plantation compared to its
control plot. However, the differences were not significant. In general, A. lebbeck added
more N and O-C to the soil compared to T. grandis. Also, the T. grandis added more P to
the soil when compared to the A. lebbeck; however, the difference was not significant. It is
therefore, recommended that A. lebbeck and T. grandis should be used for agro forestry
practices particularly, where the soil needs some level of improvement in nitrogen and
phosphorus respectively.
50

UJI TANAH

SAMPLING THE SOIL
1. Contoh tanah harus dapat mewakili kondisi daerah / lahan
2. Seringkali digunakan contoh tanah komposit
3. Peralatan sampling tanah
4. Area sampling: satu contoh mewakili liasan lahan tertentu
DEPTH OF SAMPLING
1. Untuk tanah-tanah pertanian, kedalaman sampling 15 - 30 cm
2. Kedalaman ini biasanya merupakan lapisan olah tanah
3. Untuk keperluan deskripsi profil tanah, sampling dilakukan untuk setiap horison
tanah
TIME OF SAMPLING
1. Sampling dapat dilakukan setiap saat asalkan kondisi tanah
memungkinkan
2. Rekomendasi umum adalah melakukan uji tanah setiap tiga tahun
3. Sampling tanah dapat dilakukan pada saat tanaman sedang tumbuh
ANALYZING THE SOILS

1. Kation: NH
4
+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ 6. Belerang
2. Fosfor 7. Sifat Fisika Tanah
3. Unsur mikro 8. ...
4. N dan Bahan organik
5. Kemasaman tanah dan kebutuhan kapur
51
INTERPRETASI
SOIL TEST

Masalah penting dalam menginterpretasikan hasil uji tanah
adalah kaitannya dengan pemupukan yang diperlukan.
Beberapa faktor yg harus diperhatikan adalah:
1. Karakteristik tanah
2. Hasil yang diharapkan
3. Tindakan pengelolaan
4. Kondisi agroklimat
Konsep hasil relatif (% hasil) didasarkan atas idea bahwa hasil yang diharapkan (yg
dinyatakan sebagai persentasi hasil maksimum) diduga dari hasil uji tanah P dan K.
Sejumlah pupuk perlu ditambahkan untuk mencapai hasil tanaman hingga 95% hasil
maksimum.
Kelemahan konsep ini adalah kalau ada efek interaksi antar unsur hara.
Hasil Penelitian Barber (dari Purdue University) disajikan berikut:
Populasi tanaman jagung dan respon pupuk

Populasi jagung (tnm/A) Respon jagung (bu/A) thd pemupukan :
Dosis 100 lb P2O5 Dosis 200 lb K2O
15.700 2 21
24.500 22 39

Sumber: Barber, 19
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(1), pp. 18, January 2011
The physical and chemical characteristics of soils of Northern Kenya Aridlands:
Opportunity for sustainable agricultural production
E. M. Muya
1
*, S. Obanyi
1
, M. Ngutu
2
, I. V. Sijali
1
, M. Okoti
2
, P. M. Maingi
1
and H. Bulle
2

Biophysical characterization was carried out in the mountain and oasis areas within the Northern
Kenya Arid Lands with a view of identifying, soil constraints and opportunities for sustainable
agricultural production in the area. The soil aspects were studied through desk-top analysis of the
existing databases and collection of secondary data at regional scale, site evaluation surveys at
site level and detailed soil survey at farm level. Based on biophysical data, the mountain and oasis
area of the region was divided into three major eco-zones, namely (1) upper regions: mountains,
hills and uplands, (2) middle level: footslopes and (3) low-lying areas: riverine, plains and
bottomlands, which were found to occupy 20, 5 and 54% of the total land area of Kenya Arid and
Semi-Arid Lands (KASALs) respectively. In these areas, soil structural degradation has taken
place at varied rates through pulverization in the upper regions, compaction in the middle level and
dispersion in the low-lying areas. The mean productivity index for the upper zone, middle slopes
and the lowest zone was found to be 18.5, 19.6 and 1.3%, the most limiting factors being high
acidity, increased compaction and high sodicity/salinity respectively.
Sistem pertanian berkelanjutan dapat diwujudkan dengan jalan eliminasi kemasaman
tanah, meningkatkan cadangan air untuk irigasi lahan di zone atas, memanen air limpasan
permukaan dan memperbaiki daya simpan air tanah melalui subsoiling pada lereng
bawah; dan orientasi pasar yang tepat dalam usahatani guna meningkatkan efisiensi
penggunaan air di lahan zone bawah.
53
TIPE
REKOMEND
ASI

1. BUILDUP / Basic Treatment
Pemupukan bersifat korektif, untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan hara
tanah hingga taraf yang diperlukan
Uji tanah harus dilakukan setiap 2 - 3 tahun untuk memperbaiki dosis
pupuk untuk mengganti kehilangan karena dipanen, erosi, pencucian
dan fiksasi.
2. ANNUAL APPLICATION
Pupuk P dan K ditambahkan kepada setiap tanaman dalam rotasi untuk
mempertahankan hasil uji tanah
3. ROTATION. Beberapa faktor yg harus diperhatikan:
a. Pemupukan dilakukan sebelum tanaman yg paling responsif & profitable
b. Row-application pupuk P untuk jagung
c. Forage-crop menyerap banyak K, perlu pemupukan setiap tahun
d. Kedelai punya respon lebih baik thd kesuburan tanah yg tinggi daripada pemupukan langsung
e. Dalam sistem pergiliran tanaman dlm setahun, pemupukan dilakukan pd tanaman yg paling responsif
4. REPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Dosis pupuk ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah hara yang diambil tanaman untuk menghasilkan tingkat-hasil tertentu.
Beberapa faktor yg harus diperhatikan adalah:
a. Kemampuan tanah menyediakan unsur hara, termasuk kemampuan fiksasi hara
b. Tingkat kecukupan hara dalam tanah
c. Kandungan hara dalam hasil panen
d. Kemampuan tanaman menyerap hara tanah.
Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(10), pp. 292298, 25 October,
Effects of land use and long-term organic matter application on low-molecular-weight
organic acids in an Andisol
Yusuke Takata, Masayuki Tani, Taku Kato and Masanori Koike
To clarify the effects of land use and long-term organic matter application on the
dynamics of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LOAs), soil samples were collected
from an agricultural site under various organic matter managements and an adjacent
Oak forest site. The agricultural site was composed of a chemical fertilizer plot, cattle
manure applied plots, a crop residue incorporated plot, and both a cattle manure and
crop residue incorporated plot. Formic acid was detected in the soils of all plots at the
agricultural site; however, the effect of long-term application of organic matter was less
clear. Malic acid was also detected in all soils of the arable lands, and the amount was
larger in the organic matter-applied plots than in the chemical fertilizer plot. The amount
of citric acid in the arable soils was extremely smaller than in the forest soils. No citric
acid was detected in the soils without organic matter application. The total amounts of
LOAs were considerably smaller in the arable soils than in the adjacent forest soils,
except for the plot where both cattle manure and crop residues had been applied. The
land use and long-term application of organic matter practically affected the contents of
LOAs in an Andisol, and their effects on the dynamics of nutrients and other
constituents should be the subject of future research.
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(5), pp. 142146, May 2011
Assessment of impacts of charcoal production on soil properties in the derived
savanna, Oyo state, Nigeria
Ogundele A. T., Eludoyin O. S.

and Oladapo O. S.
This study evaluated the impacts of charcoal production on soil properties in the derived
savanna zone of South Western, Nigeria. Ten soil samples were collected randomly at the
depth of 0 to10 cm in each of the charcoal production sites (CPS) and adjacent field sites
(AFS) which is the control site. All soil samples collected were subjected to laboratory
analysis for soil pH, particle size composition, available phosphorus, organic carbon, total
nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, cation exchangeable
capacity and base saturation. The mean of each of these soil properties was used for
comparison and t-test was also used to determine the significant difference that exists in
each soil property. The results of the analysis showed that the soils are texturally similar at
both the CPS and AFS sites. The soil pH under CPS is 6.75 while it is 5.96 under AFS. The
mean of the available phosphorous under CPS is 11.21 ppm while it is 2.07 ppm under
AFS. The analysis reveals a slight increase in exchangeable calcium, sodium, magnesium,
total nitrogen, organic carbon and base saturation contents of the soil in CPS while the
amount of cation exchange capacity decreases in CPS with the mean value of 2.32
meq/100 g than the AFS with the mean value of 2.37 me/100 g. It is therefore
recommended among others that there should be awareness to consider the age of trees,
species and biomass before trees are cut down for charcoal production.
56
1. Metode ini didasarkan pada gagasan bahwa tanaman dapat memanfaatkan
sejumlah tertentu unsur hara yg terkandung dlm tanah, pupuk dan rabuk.
2. Kalau jumlah hara yang diperlukan untuk mencapai hasil tertentu dapat diketahui,
maka jumlah tambahan pupuk dan rabuk dapat dihitung
3. Rekomendasi pupuk dipengaruhi oleh: sistem rotasi, tindakan pengelolaan, analisis
tanah, dan tanaman yang akan ditanam
4. Contoh untuk tanaman jagung sbb:
Estimasi persentase ketersediaan N, P, K dari tiga sumber:

Persentase yg diperoleh selama satu musim:
Sumber Nitrogen Fosfor Kalium

Tanah (available) 40 40 40
Rabuk (total) 30 30 50
Pupuk (available) 60 30 50

Sumber: Berger, 1954.
57
BEBERAPA
PRINSIP
PENTING
Praktek pengapuran dan pemupukan yang tepat sangat tergantung
pada kebutuhan tanaman, agroklimat, karakteristik tanah dan metode
analisis defisiensi dlm tanah

Pendekatan diagnostik dalam uji tanah dan analisis tanaman lebih utama untuk
tindakan pencegahan
Gejala defisiensi merupakan sarana yang sangat bermanfaat di daerah / lahan yang
baru dilakukan pemupukan.
Di daerah yang telah dikelola secara intensif, interpretasi gejala defisiensi sangat sulit
karena adanya komplikasi dari berbagai faktor
Tanaman mengintegrasikan semua faktor lingkungan tumbuhnya ke dalam kehidupannya, uji tanah
dapat menjadi sangat bermanfaat. Analisis jaringan tanaman yg sedang tumbuh di lapangan
sangat berguna, namun harus diinterpretasikan secara hati-hati.

HIDDEN HUNGER merupakan bahaya tersembunyi, tetapi uji tanah & tanaman
yang hati-hati dapat membantu menghindari bahaya ini
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(8), pp. 237240, August 2011
Effects of farm yard manure on cadmium and lead accumulation in Amaranth
(Amaranthus oleracea L.)
M. Alamgir, M. G. Kibria
1
and M. Islam
Two pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of farm yard
manure (FYM) on Cd and Pb accumulation by Amaranth. Six levels of FYM
(0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha
-1
) were applied to Cd and Pb treated soil
separately in the pot experiments. The weight of the shoot and root of
Amaranth significantly increased following the application of FYM to both Cd
and Pb treated soil.
The application of FYM in soil significantly decreased Cd and Pb content in
Amaranth. Cadmium content in the shoot and root gradually decreased with
the increase in level of FYM up to 20 t ha
-1
. On the other hand, FYM at 10 t
ha
-1
and above drastically reduced the Pb content in both parts of Amaranth.
The contents of both Cd and Pb in the shoot and root of Amaranth showed a
significantly negative correlation (r = -0.84 to -0.87) with the rates of FYM
applied to the soil.

59
BEBERAPA
PRINSIP
PENTING
Kalau unsur hara ditambahkan melalui pemupukan, kandungan hara
dalam tanaman akan meningkat. Dalam kaitan ini penting untuk
ditentukan suatu titik (kadar hara tanaman) dimana tidak terjadi lagi
peningkatan hasil ekonomis tanaman
Analisis tanaman sangat penting untuk mengetahui / menganalisis problematik unsur
hara mikro di suatu area lahan.
Keseimbangan di antara unsur hara dalam tubuh tanaman sama pentingnya dengan
jumlah aktual masing-masing hara tsb. Misalnya hubungan di antara Ca-Mg-K-NH
4

; Mn-Fe-Zn-P
Ciri-ciri fisika tanah menjadi semakin penting kalau kondisinya telah mendekati top profitable
yield; namun perlu diidentifikasi lebih lanjut ciri-ciri fisika mana yang cocok dan mana yang
tidak cocok.
Prinsip uji tanah adalah mencari nilai yg dapat digunakan untuk menduga jumlah
unsur hara yang diperlukan untuk menambah ketersediaan dalam tanah. Hasil uji
tanah ini harus dikalibrasikan dengan percobaan pemupukan di lapangan dan rumah
kaca. Harus diingat bahwa kesuburan tanah hanyalah salah satu faktor yg
mempengaruhi produksi tanaman
60
BEBERAPA
PRINSIP PENTING
Rekomendasi yang disusun untuk mendapatkan hasil yang
lebih tinggi seyogyanya ditujukan pada: to maintain foil
fertility at a level for top profit yields.
Ada empat macam pendekatan dalam menusun rekomendasi:
1. Build-up dengan dosis pemupukan yang tinggi
2. Annual application, pemupukan setiap musim tanaman dlm sistem
rotasinya
3. Rotational fertilization
4. Replacement, mengganti unsur hara yang dipanen
Hasil atau nilai hasil
Tingkat pengelolaan yg baik



Tingkat pengelolaan rata-rata



Biaya pupuk



A B
Dosis pupuk
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(4), pp. 97102, April 2011
Effect of pesticides on microbial transformation of sulphur in soil
Pradip Kumar Giri
1
*, Mintu Saha
2
, Murari Prasad Halder
2
and Debatosh Mukherjee
A pot study was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Agricultural
Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India in the year 2007-2008 to investigate the
effect of pesticides, on the microbial transformation of sulphur (S) in soil.
Insecticide (Endosulfan), fungicide (Dithane M-45), herbicide (2,4-D) were
added to the soil at their recommended doses, respectively and their effect on
the proliferation and potentiality of thiosulphate oxiding bacteria, aryl
sulphatase, available and total sulphur were investigated in soil.
The results of the present investigation revealed that insecticide, endosulfan
effectuated a significant detrimental effect on some microbiological,
biochemical and chemical properties in soil whereas fungicide and dithane M-
45 caused a significant detrimental influence during the later stages in spite of
stimulating influence at early stages incubation period. However, herbicide and
2,4-D, brought about a beneficial influence on the microbiological, biochemical
and chemical properties in soil. Among the pesticides used in the study, the
performance of the herbicide was favorable in all respect.
62
Jenis Pupuk, Dosis dan Waktu Pemupukan

Pemilihan jenis pupuk ditentukan:
- Jumlah & kandungan hara dalam pupuk
- Sifat kimia dan kelarutan hara dlm pupuk
- Biaya per unit hara
- Pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik dan kualitas tanah
- Pengaruhnya terhadap produksi dan kualitas tanaman
-Kemudahan penyiapan, penyimpanan, dan aplikasinya

Dosis pupuk yang sesuai dan tepat:
- Penentuan kebutuhan pupuk dan rekomendasi pemupukan

Waktu aplikasi pupuk:
-Sifat tanaman, fase pertumbuhan, sifat tanah, sifat pupuk
-Sebelum penanaman, saat penanaman, setelah tanaman tumbuh
-Iklim, ketersediaan hara, hasil uji tanah

. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(7), pp. 198205, July 2011
Comparative effectiveness of long yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and organic and
inorganic fertilizers in improving soil nutrient status and yield of maize in southwest
Nigeria
F. O. Adekayode
The comparative effectiveness of long yam bean and organic and inorganic fertilizers for soil
fertility improvement was carried out in an investigation conducted in Araromi Farms (latitude
716N and longitude 517E) in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State Nigeria in
2007, 2008 and 2009. The experimental design was a randomized complete block consisting of
four treatments replicated three times. The four treatments were organic compost at 2 t/ha,
inorganic NPK fertilizer at 250 kg/ha, plots planted with long yam bean and a control without any
inputs. Maize seeds obtained from Ondo State Agricultural Development Project were planted at
60 30 cm to give a plant population of 55,500 plants per hectare. Pre treatment and post
treatment soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis for a comparison of the assessment of
the cumulative effects of organic compost, inorganic fertilizer and long yam bean in improving soil
fertility over a period of three years. The organic matter and nitrogen contents in the long yam
bean and other manured plots were not significantly different. The soil nutrient status produced as
a result of manure treatments reflected in the yield of maize. In 2007 significantly higher maize
grain yield of 1.58 t/ha was obtained in NPK plot compared to other treatments while in 2008 and
2009, significantly higher maize grain yield of 1.76 and 1.86 t/ha respectively were obtained in
organic compost plot with a comparable maize yield values between long yam bean and the NPK
fertilizer plots in 2008. The profitable analysis showed a higher net revenue and benefit/cost ratio
in long yam bean than in other treatment plots. The effectiveness of intercropping maize with long
yam bean to maintain soil fertility and improve the yield of maize was comparable with the use of
inorganic NPK 15-15-15 fertilizers and organic compost.
64
METODE APLIKASI PUPUK

Pupuk Padat:
-Broadcast (tebar)
-Placement (penempatan)/lapis bajak, bawah
permukaan,
lapisan subsoil
-Localized-placement (penempatan lokal)/ jalur, titik,
pelet
Pupuk Cair:
- Larutan starter, bersama benih atau bibit
- Semprotan daun
- Aplikasi langsung ke tanah
-Pemupukan dilarutkan dalam air irigasi

65
LOKASI DAN METODE PENEMPATAN PUPUK


Permukaan tanah:
Tebar, strip, tebar jalur di samping barisan tanaman,
bersama irigasi


Bawah permukaan tanah:
Tebar-bajak, tebar-campur tanah, tebar jalur samping
dalam tanah, baris dengan biji, jalur terpisah dg biji, irigasi
bawah permukaan


Langsung pada tanaman:
Penyemprotan langsung ke daun, injeksi pada batang

66
EFISIENSI PEMUPUKAN

Ukuran Efisiensi pemupukan

Efisiensi penggunaan hara:
hasil kg per ha/ hara dlm tnm kg per ha = kg kg-1

Efisiensi fisiologis:
(kg hasil P1 - kg hasil P0)/(kg Serapan P1 kg Serapan P0)=kg

Rasio efisiensi hara:
Unit hasil kg / unit hara dalam tanaman kg = kg kg-1


Efisiensi agronomis:
{(kg per ha hasil P1 kg per ha hasil P0)/ kg per ha hara yang
diberikan} = kg kg-1

. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(7), pp. 206211, July 2011
Environmentally friendly superabsorbent polymers for water conservation in agricultural
lands
Fidelia Nnadi and Chris Brave
Polymer complexes of crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch were
synthesized to form superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and their performances as a water
retaining aid for irrigation were assessed. The SAP was crosslinked with aluminum
sulfate octadecahydrate for optimum water retention. Starch from vegetables and
chemically modified cellulose fibers were used as the basis for the polymer structure
because of their biodegradability and the sustainability of their sources. The starch
vegetables include potatoes, yam, cassava, and corn. Radish seeds were planted in
pots that contained soil amended with the SAPs (as well as soils control with no
amendment). For the first two weeks the plants were given a healthy amount of water,
then watering was reduced to observe how the plants responded to drought. The plants
with no amendment to the soil stopped growing after the first two weeks and showed
signs of dehydration. All the plants in the amended soil continued to grow after the first
two weeks and they looked much healthier. Performance evaluation of the response to
the four starch types suggests that potato based SAP performed the best with 73%
water retention, while corn gave 56%. The study also suggests that lower dosage of
0.12% by weight of the potato based SAP performed better than 0.24% when used for
soil amendment.
68
EFISIENSI PEMUPUKAN

Ukuran Efisiensi pemupukan

Efisiensi serapan hara dari tanah:

{(kg Serapan P1 kg Serapan P0)/ kg hara yang digunakan}x 100%

Efisiensi Agrofisiologis:
{(kg gabah hasil P1 - kg gabah hasil P0)/(kg Serapan jerami dan gabah P1
kg Serapan jerami dan gabah P0)} = kg kg-1

Efisiensi hara pupuk:
% hara jaringan tanaman x Efisiensi penggunaan hara =
(kg serapan hara / kg hara yg diberikan) x (kg hasil gabah per kg serapan
hara tanaman)

69
Jumlah pupuk N yang benar dan tepat Musim tanam

Jumlah pupuk sangat tergantung pada musim tanam (musim hujan dan
musim kemarau).

Pada musim hujan jumlah pupuk N yang kita aplikasikan lebih sedikit
daripada musim kemarau. Hal ini disebabkan jumlah anakan yang banyak
dengan tanaman yang tinggi sehingga sinar matahari tidak sampai ke
pangkal batang (bagian bawah tanaman) dan mengurangi produksi
makanan pada daun.
Akibatnya tanaman tidak dapat menggunakan semua pupuk N yang
diaplikasikan.

Sedangkan pada musim kemarau penampilan tanaman cenderung lebih
pendek dan mempunyai jumlah anakan yang sedikit sehingga perlu
penambahan pupuk N untuk meningkatkan jumlah anakan dan rata-rata
produksi makanan.

Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 3(4), pp. 8490, April 2012
Comparative studies of soil characteristics in Shea parklands of Ghana
Abubakari A. H., Nyarko G., Yidana J. A., Mahunu G. K., Abagale F. K., Quainoo A., Chimsah F. and
Avornyo V.
An assessment of soil physical and chemical properties was carried out in Shea parklands of northern Ghana,
selected along a North-south climatic gradient in 2011. The study sites were Paga, Nyankpala and Kawampe,
which are located in the transitional and Guinea savannah zones of Ghana. For each site, 9 fallows and 9
cultivated fields were used, a total of 18 plots per site. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 30 cm and
analysed for particle size distribution, pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), exchangeable
bases, exchange acidity and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC).
The results revealed that the soils were strongly acid to neutral in reaction. The soils at Nyankpala parkland were
comparatively more acidic (pH < 6). Generally, the pH values recorded were within the desirable range for plant
nutrient availability. Levels of, OM, ECEC, and total exchangeable bases (TEB) were very low, and varied across
the parklands, with Nyankpala parkland showing higher levels of OM and ECEC. In spite of the low pH, the soils
were highly base saturated (PBS > 80%) and deficiencies of basic cations were uncommon. Land use did not
significantly influence the soil chemical properties. However, N values, were significantly higher in old fallows than
in respect of new fallows and cultivated fields.
Soil particle size distribution especially at Nyankpala was significantly influenced by land use, with fallow lands
having more proportion of sand than that of cultivated fields. The extremely low P content (trace 7.11 mg/Kg) of
the soils might be due to P fixation which was commonly reported for soils in northern Ghana. However, if these
soils were supplied with N fertilizers, seedling regeneration would be promoted due to the fact that increasing N
levels and decreasing P levels in soil, results in significant increase in seedling dry weight as well as increasing
uptake of total shoot N and C.

. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(10), pp. 304310, 25 October, 2011
Improving the productivity of lowland soils for rice cultivation in Ghana: The role of the Sawah
system
Buri M. M.
1
*, Issaka R. N.
1
, Wakatsuki T.
2
and Kawano N.
Lowlands constitute one of the largest and appropriate environments suitable for rice cultivation in Ghana. However,
environmental degradation and declining soil productivity, leading to low crop yields are major concerns. Some reasons
leading to such concerns may be traced to lack of proper management of our soil resources and possible unsuitable
crop production systems and practices. Effective nutrient and water management in addition to suitable land
preparation options are key factors for the effective and sustainable utilization of these inland valley ecosystems.
Proper and meaningful management strategies therefore need to be developed in a way as to enable and encourage
farmers to accept and easily adopt them. Designing and implementation of comprehensive and integrated soil
management programs that will not only improve and maintain soil fertility but also make maximum use of available
water are necessary. While research has shown that these environments vary considerably in soil type, water holding
capacity and nutrient retention, it has been further observed that soils of most valleys are dominant in low activity clay
minerals which have low nutrient and water holding capacities. Adoption of the Sawah system will enhance and
sustain production. The "Sawah" system is characterized by nutrient replenishing mechanisms with intrinsic resistance
to erosion (better water control and nutrient management). Rice responds better to fertilizer (mineral and organic) under
the "Sawah" system than the traditional system of rice production in Ghana. Rice cultivation under the Sawah system
in inland valleys in Ghana has lead to significant improvement in soil and water management. There has been a
gradual and significant increase in rice grain yield in the order: farmers practice < only bunded < bunded and puddled <
bunded, puddle and leveled (sawah), across locations and varieties. An integration of available farm manures with
mineral fertilizer resulted in significant increases in paddy grain yield across locations, thus reducing the over reliance
of famers on mineral fertilizers to improve soil fertility. From a significant initial increase (from less than 1.0 t ha
-1
to over
4.5 t ha
-1
), mean paddy grain yield under the Sawah system consistently and continuously increased annually and
currently stands at over 6.0 t ha
-1
among farmer groups. Mean net income generated per hector under the sawah
system also ranged from US $1,500 to US $2,800 over the same period among farmer-groups. There was also a
gradual build up of total carbon and exchangeable bases (K, Ca, Mg) leading to improved nutrient levels, even though
there was a net loss of both total Nitrogen and available Phosphorus over the same period. Ghana (possibly West
Africa) has the potential to increase local rice production by over 300% when the Sawah system is adopted.
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(10), pp. 311317, 25 October,
2011
Effect of Sesbania sesban fallows on Striga infestation and maize yield in Tabora Region
of Western Tanzania
P.Z .Matata
1
,* B.M. Gama
1
, A. Mbwaga, M. Mpanda
3
and D.A. Byamungu
The One of the major constraints to maize production in most farmers fields in
Tabora region are is nitrogen deficiency and Striga infestation. Trials to investigate
the effect of Sesbania sesban improved fallows on Striga infestation and maize yield
were conducted on farmers fields in Tabora and Nzega districts for a period of three
years (2003 - 2005).
Results showed that application of S. sesban green manure after a two year fallow
led to a reduction of Striga infestation from 10.8 counts/8 m
2
of unfertized plots to 0.8
counts/8 m
2
of S. sesban plots as well as increase maize yield from 418 kg ha
-1
in the
unfertilized plots to 1366 kg ha
-1
for the S. sesban plots. The S. sesban fallow
reduced Striga incidences by 88% after incorporation of the leafy biomass into plots
in the third year of the trial. The study on the effect of the fallows on reduction of
Striga incidences has clearly demonstrated that application of Sesbania manure can
reduce Striga infestation on sandy soils of Tabora.

. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(11), pp. 362369, 29 November, 2011
Effect of tillage practices on the soil carbon dioxide flux during fall and spring seasons in a
Mediterranean Vertisol
R. Moussadek, R. Mrabet, R. Dahan, A. Douaik, A. Verdoodt, E. Van Ranst

and
M. Corbeels
In this study, we assessed the effect of conventional tillage (CT), reduced (RT) and no
tillage (NT) practices on the soil CO
2
flux of a Mediterranean Vertisol in semi-arid
Morocco. The measurements focused on the short term (0 to 96 h) soil CO
2
fluxes
measured directly after tillage during the fall and spring period. Soil temperature,
moisture and soil strength were measured congruently to study their effect on the soil
CO
2
flux magnitude. Immediately after fall tillage, the CT showed the highest CO
2
flux
(4.9 g m
-2
h
-1
); RT exhibited an intermediate value (2.1 g m
-2
h
-1
) whereas the lowest
flux (0.7 g m
-2
h
-1
) was reported under NT. After spring tillage, similar but smaller
impacts of the tillage practices on soil CO
2
flux were reported with fluxes ranging from
1.8 g CO
2
m
-2
h
-1
(CT) to less than 0.1 g CO
2
m
-2
h
-1
(NT). Soil strength was
significantly correlated with soil CO
2
emission; whereas surface soil temperature and
moisture were low correlated to the soil CO
2
flux. The intensity of rainfall events before
fall and spring tillage practices could explain the seasonal CO
2
flux trends. The
findings promote conservation tillage and more specifically no tillage practices to
reduce CO
2
losses within these Mediterranean agro-ecosystems.
. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 1 (1), pp.021029, February
2010
Reducing compaction effort and incorporating air permeability in Proctor testing for
design of urban green spaces on cohesive soils
A. M. Ibrahim, N. Persaud, R. W. Zobel
3
and A. Hass
It is well established that compaction negatively affects agronomic productivity, that air
permeability is a sensitive measure of the degree of soil compaction and therefore a good indicator
of soil productivity impairment from compaction. Cohesive soils in urban settings are often heavily
compacted by the common engineering practice to compact sub-grades of urban construction
sites to 95% or more of the optimum density obtained in standardized Proctor tests. The objective
of this study was to determine to what extent reducing compaction effort would increase the air
permeability of Proctor test specimens. Quantifying this relationship would permit more
appropriate Proctor test specifications for the design of urban green spaces on cohesive soils. We
designed a portable transient flow apparatus for rapidly measuring air permeability and used it to
measure air permeability on Proctor test specimens of three cohesive sub-grade soil materials
covering a range of USDA textures (loam, silt loam and silty clay) and Proctor compaction
characteristics. We compacted test specimens at their Proctor optimum water content using
efforts ranging from 100 to 25% (the lowest practicable value) of that used in the standardized
Proctor test. Results confirmed that compaction severely reduces air permeability of the test
specimens and indicated that the common practice of compaction to 95% or more of the optimum
Proctor density is probably not appropriate for construction of urban green spaces. Reducing
compaction effort from 100 to 25% of the standardized Proctor test value increased air
permeability 30, 89 and 42 times respectively for the loam, silt loam and silty clay test
specimens. More extensive studies are needed to correlate measured air permeability of Proctor
test specimens to agronomic productivity of urban green spaces.