BASIC INFORMATION

ABOUT BLOOD
ANNALYN T. NAVARRO
1
ST
SEMESTER, AY
2014- 15
AT THE END OF THE PERIOD, THE STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Describe the function and
characteristics of blood

Recall the basic
components of blood and
their functions

BASIC SCIENCES OF CLINICAL
HEMATOLOGY

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Cytology
Genetics
Histology
Immunology
Pathology
Physiology
Nuclear Medicine
BLOOD DEFINED
Blood is the circulatory fluid of
the cardiovascular system
which is circulating constantly
through a closed circuit of
tubes.
It is pumped from the heart into
the arteries, from the arteries
into the capillaries and from the
capillaries it flows from and into
the veins for return to the heart

FACTS ABOUT BLOOD
In-vivo (liquid state)
In-vitro (solid state)
Volume (7-8% per kg of the body
weight in liter 5L)
Color
Dark red- low oxygen content
Bright scarlet red-high oxygen content
pH (7.35-7.45)
Viscosity 5X more viscous than
water
Specific gravity (1.048-1.066)

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
I. Metabolic
1. Respiration
2. Nutrition
3. Excretion
4. Regulation of water balance
5. Regulation of body temperature
6. Transport of hormones
7. Maintenance of acid base
balance in the body

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
II. Defensive Functions
1. Production of immune
globulins
2. Function as phagocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
BLOOD
LIQUID (55%)
plasma
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
SOLID (45%)
Red Blood
cells
White Blood
Cells
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
Platelets
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD COMPONENTS
BASIC COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
LIQUID PORTION: Plasma
Water (91%)
Electrolytes (e.g.,Na
+
,Ca
2+
,HCO
3
, Cl
-
)
Proteins
Miscellaneous: sugars, fats, vits.,
hormones

SOLID PORTION: Formed elements
Erythrocytes/Red Blood cells
Leukocytes/White blood cells
Thrombocytes/Platelets

BASIC COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
PLASMA VS. SERUM
Plasma
Straw & pale yellow liquid portion of blood after
coagulation has been prevented
Complex mixture of proteins, electrolytes and
other chemical compounds, dissolved in water.

Serum
Clear & yellow liquid portion of blood after
separation of the clot

Functions of Plasma
Solvent
Vehicle for the transport of blood cells
Regulation of temperature and water balance
Coagulation/Fibrinolysis
Immunoglobulins

BONE MARROW
ERYTHROCYTES
Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no
organelles
7.5 m in diameter & 2 m thick at the edges
Transport of Oxygen to the respiring tissues &
carry CO2 away from the tissues
Average number of RBCs in the bloodstream:
Adult : 4.0 5.5 Million /uL
Adult : 4.5 6 Million/ uL
NB: 5.0 6.5 Million/ uL

ERYTHROCYTES
Filled with hemoglobin
(Hb), a protein that
functions in gas
transport
Contain the plasma
membrane protein
spectrin that:
Gives erythrocytes their
flexibility
Allows them to change
shape as necessary

ERYTHROCYTES
Erythrocytes are an example of the
complementarity of structure and
function
Structural characteristics that
contribute to its gas transport
function are:
Biconcave shape that has a huge surface
area to volume ratio
Discounting water content, erythrocytes
are 97% hemoglobin
ATP is generated anaerobically, so the
erythrocytes do not consume the oxygen

they transport

RED BLOOD CELLS
I. According
to granules:
Granulocytes
a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) Basophils

Agranulocyte
a) lymphocyte
b) monocyte

II. According to
segmentation
A. Polymorphonuclear
a. neutrophil
b. eosinophil
c. basophil
B. Mononuclear
a. monocyte
b. lymphocyte
LEUKOCYTES - CLASSIFICATION
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Soldiers of the body (help fight infections and aid in the
immune process)
neutrophil
basophil eosinophil
GRANULOCYTES
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
lymphocytes
monocytes
AGRANULOCYTES
LEUKOCYTES
III. According to Function
A.Phagocytes
a. neutrophil
b. eosinophil
c. basophil
d. monocyte
B.Immunocytye
a. lymphocyte

LEUKOCYTES
Neutrophil
10-15 um
w/ fine lilac granules in a pinkish cytoplasm
transmigration is faster than other WBCs
Eosinophil
12-17 um
w/ large bright red granules
destroys histamine & produces antihistamine
Basophil
10-14 um
W/ very large purplish black granules
Produces histamine, heparin & serotonin

AGRANULAR WBCS: MONOCYTE
Characteristics:
12-20 um
horse shoe shaped nucleus
w/ brain like convoluted nuclear chromatin
Functions:
engulfment & phagocytosis
activation of acquired immune responses
defending against host cell infected by
pathogenic organisms
Small
Lymphocyte
7-10 um
Dense nucleus
Less amount of
cytoplasm


Large
lymphocyte
11-25 um
Less dense
More amount
of cytoplasm


AGRANULAR WBC: LYMPHOCYTE
FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHOCYTE
Innate immunity
Regulation of the specific or
acquired immune responses
Humoral immunity lymphocytes
[B lymphocytes]
Cellular immunity
[T lymphocytes]
Production of hypersensitivity

PLATELETS
Small packages of cytoplasm
that are nipped off from the
cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

PLATELETS OR THROMBOCYTES
Function in blood coagulation.
They group together to form clumps, or a plug, in
the hole of a vessel to stop bleeding.