HUMAN BLOOD

dr. I Dw. Ayu Inten Dwi P., M.Biomed

LABORATORIUM FISIOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNUD
▪ Blood is a type of liquid conective tissue
▪ Blood function :
▪ Transport (Respiratory function , Nutritive function)
▪ Homeostasis ( water & acid-base balance)
▪ Protective ( immunity ; blood coagulation)
▪ Maintanance of blood temperature
▪ Excretory function
▪ Regulative
PLASMA AND THE CELLULAR ELEMENTS OF BLOOD

▪ Blood is circulating portion of the extracellular fluid

▪ Total blood volume is about 7% (± 6-8%) of the total
body weight
▪ Ex/ : 70 kg x 7% = 4,9 kg
▪ If assume 1kg of blood occupies a volume of 1 liter→
70 kg has 5 liters of blood
 BLOOD COMPOSITION
Consist of
▪ Liquid plasma ( 55-60%)

▪ Formed elements (cells) (40-45%) ;

→ suspended in a liquid matrix ( plasma)

Silverthorn,D.U. Human Physiology
PLASMA IS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

 Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood, within which cellular

elements are suspended
 The component of plasma :
 90-92% is water ( the main component)
 8-10 % dry substance (7% is protein (mainly))
▪ inorganic ( mineral) :
▪ cations : Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
▪ Anions : Cl-, PO4, HCO3
▪ organic components
▪ Protein, Lipids, carbohydrates ( glucose >>)
▪ trace element, vitamin, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2)
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS

Name Source Function

Albumin Liver Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of

plasma

Globumins Liver and lymphoid tissue Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for
various substances

Fibrinogen Liver Forms fibrin threads essential to bood clotting

Transferrin Liver and other tissues Iron transport

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HEMATOCRIT

 Packed cell volume (PCV) or

erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF)
 The volume percentage (%) of red
blood cells in the blood
 ♀ : 36-42%
 ♂ : 40-48%
HAEMOPOIESIS

▪ The formation of blood cellular

▪ 1011-1012 new blood cells are produced daily => to maintain the
peripheral circulation
▪ REGULATION
▪ Humoral regulation by hormones
▪ hormon secreted from liver & kidney
▪ Erythropoietin
▪ Leucopoietin
▪ Thrombopoietin
 OSMOTIC PRESSURE ONCOTIC PRESSURE

 adalah the minimum amount of  oncotic pressure or colloid

pressure to prevent osmosis osmotic pressure
 Osmosis :  a form of osmotic pressure
 movement of water from higher exerted by blood plasma proteins
concentration to lower /  0,03-0,04 atm or 20-25 mmHg
 movement of dissolved
substances from lower to higher
concentration
TONICITY EFFECTS

▪ Isotonic solution : solution with

the same salt concentration 0,9
%
▪ Hypertonic : if salt concentration
more than 0,9 %
▪ Hypotonic : if salt concentration is
less than 0,9 %

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HEMATOPOIESIS
 Blood cell are produce in the bone marrow
 A single precursor cell type : pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell (in bone marrow)
 Begin early in embryonic development
 The third week of fetal develomment →
specialized cells in the yolk sac of the embryo
 As the embryo develops → hemopoiesis spread
to the liver, spleen and bone marrow
HEMOPOIESIS CONT,

 By birth the liver & spleen no longer produce blood cells

 Its continous in the marrow
 Untilage five : bone marrow
 Adult : pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium, proximal of long bones
HEMATOPOIESIS IS CONTROLLED BY CYTOKINES
NAME SITE OF PRODUCTION INFLUENCES
Growth/maturation of
Erythropoietin (EPO) Kidneys cell RBC

Thrombopoietin (TPO) liver Megakaryocytes

Colony-stimulating factors, Endothelium & fibroblast of All types of blood cells,

interleukins, stem cell bone marrow, leukocytes mobilizes hematopoietic
factor stem cells
HEMATOPOIESIS
HEMATOPOIESIS ; SEL STEM HEMATOPOIETIK
PLURIPOTEN ASAL(PHSC) IN BONE MARROW
ERYTHROCYTE
 Most abundant type of blood cell
 Biconcave discs ; diameter of about
7.8 µm, flexible
 Have no nucleus
 Life span 120 days
 Contain Hb, a red oxygen-carrying
pigment
 2.4 million new erythrocytes are
produced per second
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 The major function of RBC ( erythrocytes) is to transport
hemoglobin, which in turn carries oxygen from the lung to the
tissue.
 RBC contains carbonic anhydrase, thats catalyzes the reaction
between carbodioxide & water
 Hb -> Acid-base buffer

 Ratio RBC to plasma is indicated by the hematocrit

 The average number of RBC per cubic millimeter is :

 5.200.000 ( ± 300.000) ♂ ( 4.0-5.0 x 1012/L)
 4.700.000 ( ± 300.000) ♀ ( 3.5-4.5 x 1012/L
ERYTHROPOIESIS

RBC formation
in Bone Marrow
It isimulated by decreased O2 in circulation
The whole process about 7 days --> produced
2 million RBC per second
Matur RBC live for 100-120 days in
circulation --> senescent --> removed from
circulation ( by macrophages)
RBC
 Size :
 Norcytes
 Microcytes
 Macrocytes
 Colour :
 Normochromia
 Hyperchromia
 Hypochromia
 MCH ( Mean Cospuscular
Haemoglobin)
 MCHC (Mean corpuscular
haemoglobin concentration)
POLICITEMIA

 Too many RBC

 Policitemia
1. Vera :
1. stem cells dysfunction that produce too
many blood cells
2. Hematocrits high as 60-70 % → cells 
causes the blood to become more
viscous & more resistant to flow
2. Relative :
1. a number of RBC is normal but the
hematocrit is elevated cause low plasma
volume
2. Ex : dehydration
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ERYTHROCYTOSIS

 Polychythemia
 erythrocyte count is more than normal

 Physiological
 Absolute : in high altitude
 relative : exercise

 pathological
 Primary: bone marrow disorder
 Secondary : Cardiovascular or respiratory disease
ERYTHROPENIA
 erythrocyte count is less than normal
 An anemia : a deficiency in number of RBC or reduced HB level
 Erythropenia :
 Physiological
 Absolute :
 Deficiency of production

 Relative : pregnancy
 Pathological
 Primary
 Bone marrow disorder

 Secondary
HAEMOLYSIS OF RBC

 Rupturing of erythrocytes, releas the content into blood plasma

 osmotic resistance of RBC :

 concentration ah complete hemolysis of erythrocytes occurs
 due to elasticity of erythrocyte's membrane
HAEMOGLOBIN

 Composed of protein globin & the pigment heme

 has ability to combine with oxygen is due to the 4 iron atoms

 ♀ : 120-140 g/L

 ♂ : 135-180 g/L
ERYTHROPOIETIN REGULATES RBC PRODUCTION
HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS

Reqires an adequate supplay of iron → developing RBC (bone

marrow) use iron to make the heme group of hemoglobin
Iron is absorbed in the small intestine by transport active
SILVERTHON,D.U., HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
HEMOGLOBIN
IRON METABOLISM
RBC DISORDERS

 RBC disorders decrease oxygen transport

 A low content of hemoglobin : anemia

 The blood cannot transport enough O2 to

the tissue
 Causes by
 Acceleratedred blood cell loss
 Decrease red blood cell production
LEUKOCYTES

 A microliter of blood contains about 4000-11.000 WBC

 4-9 x 109 /L
 Protects the body from disease-causing invaders (patogens)
 Responsible for the immune responses
 play a major role in providing immunity
 WBC circulate in the blood and extravascularly
 Have nuclei, size 9-12 µk, live about 3-4 days
LEUCOPOIESIS

 Leucocytes production
 In the bone marrow ( The pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells)

 Regulation by Leucopoietins produced by liver & kidney

 Differentiation of lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissue

 Increase amount of leucocyte ( leucocytosis), abnormal low

concentration level of leucocyte ( leucopenia)
 Type :
 Granulocytes : neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
 Agranulocytes : monocytes, lymphocyte
LEUKOPOIESIS
PRODUKSI SDM
▪ Neutrophil :
▪ 2.5-7.5x109/L
▪ First line of defense, protects from viruses & bacterias, phagocytosis

▪ Basophil
▪ 0.001-0.1 x 109/L
▪ contain : histamin, heparin, Ig E
▪ Eosinophil
▪ 0.04-0.4x109/L
▪ Phagocytes ( weak), antiparasitic, contain histaminase
▪ Monocytes
▪ 0.2-0.8 x 109/L
▪ differentiate into macrophage --> phagocytosis
▪ Lymphocytes
▪ (1.5-3.5 x 109/L
▪ immunity
▪ 2 types : lymphocytes B ( for humoral immunity) & T ( cell-mediated
immunity)
 Monocyte → leave the circulation and enter ttissue develop into
macrophages
 Tissue basophils are called MAST CELLS
 Neutrophil, monocytes, macrophages : phagocytes
 Lymphocytes → called immunocytes, cause responsible for specific
immune responses directed against invaders
 Basophils, eosinophils & neutrophils : granulocytes
PLATELETS
 Small fragment of cells,
produced in the bone narrow
from megakaryocyte
 Play e key role in coagulation
 Cell fragment filled with
granules containing clotting
protein and cytokines
 A microliter blood : 150.000-
450.000 platelet

Silverthon,D.U. Human Physiology

PLATELET CONT’

 Platelet smaller than RBC

 Have no nucleus
 Life span is about 10 days
 Always present in the INACTIVE PLATELETS
blood → not active
 Active if damage occurs to
the walls of the circulatory
system
 Are activated by damage
vascular endotelium
ACTIVATED PLATELETS
TERIMA KASIH