Professional Documents
Culture Documents
● Substance distribution
- Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract
elimination
● Regulation
● Protection
3. Fibrinogen, it functions
in blood clotting
Formed Elements(cells)
Blood loss
<10% nothing
10 ~30 % clinic symptom
>30% danger
Physical and chemical characteristics of blood
Effects of Osmosis
H20 moves by osmosis into the lower concentration
Higher Lower
concentration concentration
Semi-permeable
Membrane
The total plasma osmotic pressure :300mOsm/L.
It consists of two parts according to origin from different molecules
Animal
cell
vertebrae Vertebrae
ilium
sternum
Life Span Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Erythrocytes lack a nucleus and mitochondria
Because of these deficiencies, erythrocytes have a circulating life span
of only about 120 days before they are destroyed in the liver, spleen
and bone marrow.
Reticulocytes. Immature young RBCs appear (reticular) when stained.
They contain a few ribosomes & can be seen in bone marrow.
? mm
Normal range
Male : 3--7 mm
Female: 5 – 10 mm
● Rouleaux formation
- more erythrocytes adhibit with concavity one another
□ cause ( RBC ? plasma ?)
RBC from patient with high ESR RBC from the health
RBC
Rouleaux
inhibit promote
Rouleaux formation
down up
ESR
& transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues back to blood & then lungs .
Both folic acid & vitamin B12 are necessary co-factors for DNA
synthesis, which is essential for maturation of the red cells.
folic acid
Absorption of Vit.B12 requires a
vitamin B12
protein called intrinsic factor
tetrahydrofolic acid secreted by stomach
(THFA)
erythroblast
Leukocytes ( white blood cells )
Our bodies have special system to defend against infecant agents,
including leukocytes and tissue cells from leukocytes
Lymphocytes function in
connection with the
immune system
granulocyte
Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils. 60 % - 70%.
Function: Cellular immunity by phagocytosis.
Eosinophils. 2-4%.
Function: Limit the action of
basophils in the rapid allergic
reactions, participate in the
immune response to parasites
urticaria asthma
Agranular Leukocytes
Monocytes. 3% - 8%.
Function: fixed tissue macrophages.
● Vascular constriction
● Formation of a platelet plug
● Formation of a blood clot as a result of blood coagulation
● Growth of fibrous tissue into the blood clot to close the hole
in vessel permanently
1 2 3
Vasoconstriction
Tissue Factor
2. Formation of the Platelet Plug
Platelets Adhere to the damaged vascular wall, such as
the collagen fibers and damaged endothelium.
3. Blood Coagulation
The third stage for hemostasis is formation of the blood clot, which is
the production of a web of fibrin proteins that penetrates and
surrounds the platelet. Blood clots therefore contain platelets and
fibrin, trapped red blood cells. Finally, contraction of the platelet
mass in the process of clot retraction forms a more compact and
effective plug. Fluid squeezed from the clot as it retracts is called
serum, which is plasma without fibrinogen, the soluble precursor of
fibrin.
Vessel injured
collagen in subendothe-
lium exposed to blood
fibrin
Temporary platelet Plug platelet plug formation formation
Hemostasis progress
● General Mechanism of blood coagulation
i. In response to rupture of the vessel , a complex cascade of
chemical reactions is initiated. The net result is formation of a
complex of activated substance collectively called prothrombin
activator
ii. The prothrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of
prothrombin into thrombin
iii. The thrombin acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen into
fibrin fibers that enmesh platelets, blood cells, and plasma to
form the clot
iv. The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin may occur via
either of two pathways. (1) intrinsic pathway that begin in
the blood itself and (2) extrinsic pathway that begins with
trauma of the vascular wall and surrounding tissues
Coagulation
cascade
Intrinsic system (surface contact) Extrinsic system (tissue damage)
XI XIa
VIII VIIIa
X Xa
V Va
II IIa (Thrombin)
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Plasmin. A proteolytic
enzyme That is formed
from plasminogen in
blood plasma and
dissolves the fibrin in
blood clots. Also called
fibrinolysin.
Fibrinolysis
The fibrin formed within blood vessels is gradually dissolved to restore the
fluidity of the blood. The process of liquefaction or lysis of the fibrin is
called fibrinolysis.
Plasminogen Activator
Plasminogen Plasmin
Inhibitor
Plasmin
t-PA
FDPs
PG PL
Fibrin