Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Eukaryotic mRNA Transcripts are Processed

Cytoplasm

Nuclear
DNA pores

Transcription
RNA
RNA
Processing
mRNAG AAAAAA G AAAAAA

Export
Nucleus
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

The Central Dogma

• The Flow of Information: DNA  RNA  protein

DNA Replication

Transcription Translation

Figure 12.2
• Genes are made of DNA (Genotype).
• They are expressed to make polypeptides that
determine the behaviour of the organism (Phenotype)
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

One Gene, One Polypeptide

Hypothesis

• In general, one gene generates one

polypeptide:
 Specific mutations in the bread mold

Neurospora resulted in the loss of a

specific enzyme in a biochemical pathway
 Certain human hereditary diseases are

caused by the absence of a certain

enzymes
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Events in Transcription

 Four types of RNA transcribed from DNA

 RNA primers
 mRNA
 rRNA
 tRNA
 Occurs in nucleoid of prokaryotes
 Three steps
 Initiation
 Elongation
 Termination
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Initiation of Transcription

Animation:
PLAY
Transcription
Figure 7.8a
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Elongation of the RNA Transcript

Figure 7.8b
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Concurrent RNA Transcription

Figure 7.9
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype