CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Transports materials (such as oxygen from COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

the lungs, nutrients from the digestive  Normal hematocrit values of erythrocytes
system, hormones from glands of the o Females – 37% - 47%
endocrine system, and waste materials from o Males – 42% - 52%
cells) to and from all the cells of the body *hematocrit – total volume of red blood cell
 Classified under a specialized type of  Why mas mababa ang females?
connective tissue: o Because of testosterone in males
o Fluid-type o Because of the monthly period in
 Dynamic and connects the females
organs together  Percentage of other formed elements (WBCs
 The transport of these materials is necessary and platelets) is extremely small
to maintain homeostasis of the body + o Not normally considered with the
hormones hematocrit
o Hormones in the endocrine system  Mean plasma percentage
are transported intravascularly o The percent of blood that is not
 Main components erythrocytes
o Heart o 92% water
o Blood vessels o 7% plasma proteins
o Blood  Albumin – most abundant of
the plasma proteins
BLOOD  Central component
 Made up of cellular elements and an for osmotic pressure
extracellular matrix  If may kidney
 Cellular elements damage, albumin ay
o Red blood cells or erythrocytes masasama sa urine.
 Distribute oxygen Albumin in the soft
o White blood cells or leukocytes tissue will decrease
o Platelets or thrombocytes (less than the abumin
 For coagulation mechanism in the extracellular
 Produce a fibrous net called space)  pupunta
fibrin to lessen the leakage of water sa soft tissue,
blood from the injured tissue cause edema
 Extracellular matrix, consisting of:
o Plasma CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
o Mostly water, suspends the formed  Color
elements and enables them to o Oxygenated blood
circulate throughout the body within  Bright red
the cardiovascular system  Galing arteries
 Functions: o Deoxygenated blood
o To deliver oxygen and nutrients to,  Darker red
and remove wastes from, the body  Galing veins
cells o Differs due to hemoglobin that
o Other functions also include: changes color depending on the
 Immune defense degree of oxygen saturation
 Distribution of heat  Viscosity
 Maintenance of homeostasis o Blood viscosity is approximately 5x
greater than water
 o It is influenced by the presence of
the plasma proteins and formed
elements within the blood
 pH of blood
o averages about 7.4 (range: 7.35 –
7.45)
o blood contains numerous buffers
that help regulate the pH
 Volume
o Adult males typically have about 5-6
liters of blood, and females have 4-5
liters
HEMATOPOIESIS (OR HEMOPOIESIS)
 Occurs in the red marrow within the spaces
of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue
 In children: can occur in the medullary
cavity of long bones
 In adults: largely restricted to the cranial
and pelvic bones, the vertebrae, the
sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the
femur and umerus.
o Spongy medulla is replaced by
adipose tissue
 Extramedullar hemopoiesis
o Hemopoeisis outside the medullary
cavity of adult bones
o The liver and spleen maintain their
ability to generate the formed
elements of blood cells throughout
adulthood
 Spleen is for graveyard of
RBCs
 Hematopoietic stem cell (Hemocytoblast)
o All of the formed elements of blood
originate from this specific type of
cell
o Totipotent or multipotent
 Maraming ability to branch
into
 Hemopoietic growth factors
o Induce the hematopoietic stem cell
to divide and differentiate
o Colony stimulating factor – gives rise
to developing blood cells
o Lymphoid stem cells
 Give rise to lymphocytes,
which function in immunity
 Include T cells, B cells, and
NKT
 Quickly migrate from the
bone marrow to lymphatic
tissues where the production
and differentiation occurs
o Myeloid stem cells
 Gives rise to all the other
formed elements
 Including the erythrocytes;
megakaryocytes (platelets);
monocytes and granular
leukocytes; neutrophils,
basophils, eosinophils,
basophils
Platelets are formed by the pinching of the
cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte.
 Reticulocyte
o Important indicator of erythropoiesis
or ongoing production of RBCs
 Myeloblast
o Precursor of granulocytes
 Basophil
 Allergy, production of
histamine
 Neutrophils
 Immediate leukocyte
employed after
bacterial infection
 Eosinophil
 Parasitic infection
 Monocyte – agranular leukocyte; become
macrophages when they undergo
diapedesis
o Macrophage in the CNS – microglia
o Lungs – Type II pneumocyte
 Lymphoblast branch to:
 o Large granular lymphocyte (NK cells)  Typically 5000 to 10,000 per microliter
 Have a shorter lifespan than that of
o Small lymphocyte erythrocytes (days to weeks)
 T lymphocyte  Routinely leave the bloodstream to
 B lymphocyte perform their defensive functions in the
 Plasma cell body’s tissues
 Responsible to fight o Emigration
off viruses  Process used in leaving the
capillaries
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) o Diapedesis
 The most common formed element  The leukocytes squeeze
o Males have ~5.4 million erythrocytes through adjacent cells in a
per microliter of blood blood vessel wall
o Females have ~4.8 million per  Classification of Leukocytes
microliter o Divided into two groups according
 Small cells: ~7-8 micrometers to whether their cytoplasm
 Life span: 90 days contained highly visible granules
 Biconcave disks
o Why? GRANULOCYTES
 Lack of most organelles,  Contain abundant granules within the
particularly the nucleus cytoplasm
 More space for the  Arise from myeloid stem cells
hemoglobin molecules
 Provides a greater surface for 
gas exchange than a sphere
of a similar diameter
 Capillaries can be so small
that erythrocytes sometimes
fold in on themselves to pass
through
 Sickle cell anemia
o Disease affecting the shape of RBCs
 Sickle-shaped RBCs that
could not pass through
capillaries and not capable of
gas exchange
o Prevalent in Africa; hereditary
o Manifestation:
 Anemia
 Less perfusion to the organ
(schemia)
o Treatment:
 Replace blood present in the
patient with normal RBCs

LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

 A major component of the body’s defenses
against disease