PUMPS

Prepared by

Md.Shamsuzzaman
 Lesson Overview
Lesson covers the type of pumps
commonly installed on board ships,
their constructions, working
principles, characteristics, safety
operation.

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 Learning Objectives
 Definition of Pump
 Classification of Pumps
 Working principles of positive displacement pumps
 Construction features of positive displacement pumps
 Working principles of rotordynamic pumps
 Construction features of rotordynamic pumps
 Characteristics of pumps
 Safe operation of pumps

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 Tutorial
1. State the classification of pumps used for shipboard
application.
 
2. With the aid of a labelled sketch, briefly explain the working
principle of a typical
 i)     reciprocating pump

 ii)   gear pump

 iii) vane pump

 Iv) centrifugal pump

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 Tutorial
4. Draw the pump performance (H-Q)
curve for the centrifugal pump
5. Explain how suction condition of the
pump may be improved
6. Explain the cause of efficiency drop in
centrifugal pump.

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 Tutorial
7. Briefly explain the differences
between positive displacement and
rotodynamic pumps.
8.  With reference to the operation of a
pump, explain the terms ‘self-priming’
and ‘non-self priming’.

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 Definition
Pump is a device that imparts energy
to a fluid passing through it to
enable the fluid to move from one
point to another.

In practice, pumps change both the

velocity and the pressure passing
through them.
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 Energy Flow in Pumping
System
Pump losses

Kinetic energy Kinetic energy

At Suction At Discharge

+ Pump +
Pressure energy Pressure energy
At Suction At Discharge

Energy flow from prime mover

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 Types of Pumps
Marine Pumps fall into two broad
classes:

 Positive Displacement Pumps

 Rotordynamic Pumps

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 Positive Displacement
Pumps
Working Principles:
 Fluid is displaced from the suction to the discharge by the
mechanical variation of the volume of chamber or chambers at
every stroke or rotation of the pump
 Volume of pump chamber alternately increases to draw the liquid
in from suction pipe & then decreased to force the liquid out into
the delivery pipe
 This may be done by either a reciprocating motion of a piston or
by a rotary motion of specially designed vanes, gears or screws

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 Positive Displacement
Pumps
Characteristic
 Self-priming
 All the valves at the discharge side of the pumps must be
kept open prior starting
 Failure to do so will cause rapid increase of fluid pressure,
leading to failure at the weakest point in the system
 Relief valve is always fitted in the system to avoid such
failure

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 Positive Displacement
Pumps
Subdivided into Two main categories:
 Reciprocating Pumps
- where plunger or piston is reciprocated in a fluid cylinder
- suitable for delivering small quantities at high pressure

 Rotary Pumps ( Gear, Screw, Vane pumps )

- where the liquid is forced through the pump casing by means of

screws, gears or vanes
- used for delivering moderate quantity at moderate pressure

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 Reciprocating Pump
Main Components
 Cylinder
 Piston
 Piston rod
 Gland
 Suction valve
 Discharge valve

Pump may be of Single acting or Double acting type

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 Single Acting Reciprocating
Pump
 There is one suction & one discharge per
cycle
 Piston moves down during suction stroke
 Causes low pressure to create & fluid to
flow into cylinder by opening suction valve
 Piston moves up during discharge stroke
 Causes fluid to be compressed and
pressurised
 Discharge takes place by opening
discharge v/v by high pressure fluid

SUCTION STROKE DISCH STROKE

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Double Acting Reciprocating
Pump

 There is two suction & two

discharge per cycle
 Piston moves from left to
right (one stroke)
 Piston compresses fluid
above piston (discharge)
 Piston draws fluid below
piston (suction)

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 Pressure Pulsation
 Pressure pulsations are
inherent problem in C A B C

reciprocating pump
 It causes pipes to surge & B Pressure

vibrate
A
 Pipes may become loose
and break under heavy strain
 Accumulators are used to
reduce the impact of pressure Str
surges

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 Accumulators
 Accumulators are air vessels
or spring loaded device
 Absorbs some energy during
the pump discharge stroke
 Releases this energy during
low pressure period and
raises the pressure in the
pipe
 Thus reduces the pressure
pulsation by avoiding sharp
drop in pressure

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 Gear Pump
 It is a positive displacement
pump
 It consists of two meshing
gears with one driving the
other
 Fluid flows between the
casing and the gear teeth
 Commonly employed for
lube & fuel oil transfer
 Must have relief valve
installed in the system

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 Screw Pump
 Screw pumps are positive
displacement pumps

 Screws are meshed together

with one driving other

 Fluid is displaced through

the recesses between the
screws and the casing

 May have single, double or

triple screws

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 Vane Pump
 Vane pumps are positive
displacement pumps
 Rotors having slots for vanes
 Centre of rotor is eccentric
with casing
 This causes vanes to move in
and out as the rotor rotates
 Causes change in volume in
the respective chamber,
similar to reciprocating pump

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 Rotodynamic Pumps
 Often Known as dynamic pumps or
centrifugal pumps
 Centrifugal pumps are more
suitable for delivery of large
quantities at low discharge
pressure
 Are Non-self priming pumps
 Looses suction and unable to
pump once air gets into the pump
system
 Must be primed before starting
 Used on ship as G.S. pump,
Ballast Pump, S.W. & F.W. cooling
pumps

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 Centrifugal Pump
Main Components
 Impeller
 Impeller wear ring
 Volute Casing
 Shaft
 Ball bearing
 Gland

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 Centrifugal Pump
Working Principle
 Impeller rotates at high speed
 Fluid enters through the ‘eye’ of the
impeller
 Fluid is thrown by centrifugal force
from the centre (suction side) radially
outwards to the periphery of impeller
(discharge side)
 High velocity fluid enters the
stationary volute casing
 Volute casing converts the kinetic
energy of fluid into pressure energy
at the discharge of the pump

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 Centrifugal Pump
Impeller Wear Ring
 Located on the casing at the
impeller suction
 Must have clearance to allow
rotation of impeller
 If clearance is too small, wear ring
may come in contact with impeller
due to misalignment, expansion
 If clearance is too big, fluid flows
back to suction side
 Cause drop in discharge pressure
& pump efficiency

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 Centrifugal Pump
 Curve A shows the
pump capacity, given
in terms of flow rate
(normally M3/hr), as a
function of the head
developed by the
pump, given in terms
of meters liquid column
(mIc). This curve is
called the pump
characteristic.

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 Centrifugal Pump
 Curve B shows the Net
Positive Suction Head
(NPSH) requirement for
the pump as a function of
flow‑rate.The NPSH
requirement at any flow
rate is the positive head of
fluid required at the pump
suction over and above the
cargo's vapour pressure to
prevent cavitation at the
impeller.

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