Sonoluminescence:

Sound into Light

Sonofusion
http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/02/26/science/20070227_FUSION_GRAPHICSUB.html
"A Mach number is associated with every shock wave. This
number represents the ratio of the shock wave to the ambient
speed of sound. The temperature behind a shock wave is
higher than that in front of it; the ratio of those temperatures is
proportional to the square of the Mach number. For an
imploding air bubble, the Mach number approaches infinity as
the shock front moves closer to the focal point, which means
that a tremendous amount of heating takes place.
Furthermore, when the shock hits the center and explodes
outward, the molecules that were behind the shock are
suddenly in front of it again. The hot molecules are hit a
second time, and their temperatures go up by another factor of
the square of the Mach number.
"Temperatures that can be reached by this mathematical
model are therefore unimaginably high.
Seth Putterman Sound into Light
100x10
6
K
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10
100
1000
Temperature million Kelvin
Deuterium-Tritium
Deuterium-Deuterium
Deuterium-Helium
Prospects for initiation of thermonuclear fusion reactions
within a sonoluminescing bubble were suggested when theoretical
simulations of the SBSL phenomenon by Wu and Roberts showed
the existence of maximum bubble temperatures of the order of
10
8
K! These extreme temperatures were limited to a small region
of the bubble interior and were made possible by the launch of a
shock wave within the already compressed gas. The shock focuses
as it approaches the bubble centre and doubles its strength when
reflected from the origin.
In an another study, Moss et al. showed that hydrodynamic
simulations of a collapsing bubble containing D2 and D2O
vapour provide the possibility for a small number of
thermonuclear DD fusion reactions in the bubble...
Sonoluminescence and bubble fusion
Vijay H. Arakeri
The General Fusion Engine
Liquid metal vortex
Electronically
synchronised
pneumatic
piston/hammers
A shock front is
launched as the
surface of the
liquid piston
exceeds the speed
of sound
Diagrammatic representation of the
General Fusion engine
Fusion Demonstrator
The breakthrough to nett energy output happened in 2013 at the
National Ignition Facility in the US
Gravitational field
Centrifugal field
Bearing
Eccentric rotating at the
natural frequency of the
pendulum
Liquid pendulum
Rotating housing
Shock
chamber
Diagrammatic representation of the
liquid pendulum engine
Flywheel
With conventional sonoluminescence research
(with bubble diameters of approximately 50
micron), Mach numbers of 4 have been measured
in the walls of imploding gas bubbles, along with
plasma temperatures estimated to be at least
100,000K. It is suggested that by increasing the
scale by the proposed method, it may be possible
to generate Mach numbers in excess of 30.

As the maximum temperature attained in
sonoluminescence is estimated to be a function of
the fourth power of the Mach number, on this
basis temperatures in the order of at least 100 x
10
6
K may be feasible. This is higher than can be
attained by any other mechanism, and high enough
to be considered for initiation of fusion of
deuterium.
In the Liquid Pendulum Engine, the natural
frequency of the oscillation of the system is
proportional to the rotational velocity. The piston
is able to cycle at several hundred times per
second. This is at least two orders of magnitude
greater than that for the General Fusion concept
and hence the number of fusion reactions
required per cycle is reduced accordingly.
Furthermore the energy may be delivered directly
through the eccentric shaft rather than having to
go through a Rankine cycle steam plant.
Possible Advantages of the Liquid Pendulum
http://www.vortexengineer.com/liquid-pendulum-engine.html
vortexengineer@gmail.com
End