Effect of the amount of confining reinforcement on the stress-strain behaviour of concrete

(at support) and 50% at mid-span!

Moment at C = -9.43 kNm
Pattern loading
Analysis and design of R.C. framed buildings
Influence lines and gravity load patterns for a continuous beam
Width of a beam shall be less than or equal to the dimension of the column into which
they frame



Beam widths of 200 mm, 250 mm and 300 mm are commonly used. Beam widths of
230 mm are also commonly used in India so that the infill masonry wall resting on a
beam is flush with it



The ratio of overall depth, D, to the width, b, in rectangular beam sections lied in the
range 1.5 2. For beams carrying very heavy loads it may be even 3 or more!



For simply supported beams, span/overall depth 10



For continuous beams, span/overall depth 12 to 15






In framed structures, the maximum amount of tension reinforcement in a beam is usually
restricted to 1.4% to 1.5%. This generally corresponds to a M
u
/bd
2
of about 4 to 4.5. Such
values of M
u
/bd
2
will result in a doubly reinforced section. In general, it is desirable to
design beams with a tension steel content of 0.5 to 0.8 times p
t,lim



For simply supported slabs, effective depth span/25


For continuous slabs, effective depth span/32


Amount of tension reinforcement in a slab 0.3% - 0.4%


Column dimensions should not be smaller than the size of the largest beam framing into
the column. Estimate the size very roughly by equally dividing the total gravity load
amongst all columns and dividing this load with the allowable axial stress for the concrete
grade in the column




For rigourous analysis of a highly indeterminte structure like a monolithic frame, the axial, flexural and
torsional stiffness needs to be known. Since axial stiffness of most of the members in a typical RCC moment
resistant frame is very high, the axial deformations are negligible. In the case of compatibility torsion, the
torsional stiffness of a RCC member is drastically reduced following torsional cracking and hence it can be
ignored altogether . Bending or flexural deformations in a typical frame can be significant and hence flexural
stiffness needs to be estimated. Flexural stiffness = 4 E I / l , where EI is the flexural rigidity.
Load paths in a building and tributary areas for beams and columns
Loads
Approximate analysis for vertical loads substitute frame method
Column moments from frame analysis