Introduction To

Linguistic
Group 1 :
Ahmad Wildan
Diannova Pahlawati
Dyta Fitra Rosika
Nike Cakra Murdaya
Novi Purnama Sari
Pepi Rosmaya
Tanti Nurjayanti

Phonetics
And
Phonology

Study Question
Question 1 :
Which of the following words normally end
with voiceless (V) sounds and which end
with voiced (+V) sounds ?
a) bang
b) crash
c) smack
d) splat
e) thud
f) wham

Answer 1 :
Voiced is the whether they make the
vocal cords vibrate.
Voiceless is the whether they not
make the vocal cords vibrate.
a) Bang
b) Crash
c) Smack
d) Splat
e) Thud
f) Wham

=
=
=
=
=
=

voiced
voiceless
voiceless
voiceless
voiced
voiceless

Question 2 :
Try to pronunce the initial sounds of the following words and
identify the place of articulation of each one ( e.g : billabial, alveolar,
etc.)
a) Belly
b) Calf
c) Chin
d) Foot
e) Hand
f) Knee
g) Mouth
h) Thigh
i) Toe

Answer 2 :
Billabial : The lips are moved together, e.g : b,p,m,w
Labiodental : the buttom lip is moved toward the
upper teeth, e.g : f, v.
Interdental : The tongue is moved toward the upper
teeth, e.g : , .
Alveolar : The tip of the tongue is moved toward the
alveolar ridge (behind the upper teeth)
e.g : t, d, n, s, z, r.
Lateral
: As for alveolar but with the sides of the
tongue down, so thet air flows around the
tongue, e.g : I.
Palatal
: The blade of the tongue is moved toward
the hard palate, e.g : , , j.

 Velar

: The body of tongue is moved

toward hard plate, e.g : k, g, .
Glottal
: The vocal folds are moved together,
e.g : h.
- Belly = Bilabial
- Calf
= Labiodental
- Chin = Alveolar
- Foot = Labiodental
- Hand = Alveolar
- Knee = Alveolar
- Mouth = Interdental
- Thigh = Interdental
- Toe
= Alveolar

Question 3 :
Identfy the manner of articulation of
the initial sounds in the following words
(stop, fricative, etc).
a) Cherry
b) Crazy
c) Dizzy
d) Funny
e) Happy
f) Jolly
g) Loony
h) Merry
i) Silly

Kinds of closure : stop, fricative, affricative, or approximant

Stop

: The mouth is closed completely,

e.g : p, b, m, n, d, t, k, g, .
Fricative
: The mouth is nearly closed, so
that the air flows turbulently
through the channel, e.g : f, v, , s, z,
, ,
Affricative
: The stop followed immediately by a
fricative, e.g : j.
Approximant : The mouth is fairly open, e.g : w,r,l,j.

Answer 3 :
a) Cherry
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)

Crazy
Dizzy
Funny
Happy
Jolly
Loony
Merry
Silly

= Approximant
= Fricative
= Fricative
= Stop
= Stop
= Approximant
= Stop
= Approximant
= Approximant

Billabal

stop

(V)
(+V)
nasal

fricative

(V)
(+V)

affricative

(V)
(+V)

approximant

(V)
(+V)

Labiodental

interdental

p
b
m

lateral

palatal

t
d
n
f
v

alveolar

glottal

k
g

s
z

velar

Question 4 :
Which written English words are
usually pronounced as they are transcribed
here ?
a) bk
b) bt
c) fes
d) ha
e) hopi
f) hu:
g) klok
h) tip
i)

Answer 4 :
a) / bk / = back
b) / bt / = bot
c) / fes / = fess
d) / ha / = how
e) / hopi / = hoping
f) / hu: / = who
g) / klok / = clock
h) / tip / = chip
i) / / = the

Question 5 :
What is the differnces between
an allphone and a phonems ?

Answer 5 :
Allphone is

A phoneme is

One of many possible sounds in

the languages of the world.

A contrastive unit in the sound

system of a particular language.

The smallest identifiable unit

found in a stream of speech.

A minimal unit that serves to

distinguish between meanings
of words.

Pronounced in a defined way.

Pronounced in one or more

ways, depending on the number
of allophones.

Represented between brackets

by convention.
Examples : [b], [j], [o]

Represented between slashes

by convention.
Examples: /b/, /j/, /o/

Question 6 :
Which of the following words would
be related as minimal pairs ?
- ban
- pen
- fat
- chain
- pit
- vote
- bell
- bet
- tape
- far
- heat
- bun
- meal
- goat
- more
- heel
- pat
- sane
- tale

Answer 6 :
1)

//
x
ban
/ bn /

//
bun
/ bn /

6)

/p/
tape
/ teIp /

/l/
tale
/ teIl /

2)

/f/
fat
/ ft /

/p/
pat
/ pt /

7)

/t/
heat
/ hI:t /

/l/
heel
/ hI:l /

3)

/I/
pit
/pIt /

//
pat
/ pt /

8)

/m/
meal
/ mI:l /

/h/
heel
/ hI:l /

4)

/l/
bell
/ bel /

/t/
bet
/ bet /

9)

/ t /
x
chain
/ tein /

/s/
sane
/ sein /

5)

/v/
vote
vt /

//
goat
/ gt/

10)

more / m: (r) /
pen / pen /
far / fa: (r) / ( it isnt minimal pairs)

Question 7 :
what is the differnces between an
open and a close syllable ?

The difference between an open and closed

syllable depends on whether or not a vowel is
followed by a consonant.
A vowel followed by a consonant is called a
closed syllable.
If not followed by a consonant, it is an open
syllable.
The key is to look for where the vowel falls
in a syllable to determine whether it is open or
closed. For example, the word go has only one
syllable ending in a vowel. Therefore it would be
considered an open syllable. The word cat ends
with a consonant and would be classified as a
closed syllable.

Question 8 :
Which segments in the pronunciation of the
following words are most likely to be affected
by elision ?

a)
b)
c)
d)

Government
Sandwich
Postman
Pumpkin

Answer 8 :
Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a
whole syllable ) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for the
speaker to pronounce.
Examples of elision in English:
comfortable:

/kmftbl/

/kmftbl/ (rhotic
English), /kmftbl/ (nonrhotic English)

fifth:

/ff/

/f/

him:

/hm/

/m/

laboratory:

/lbti/

/lbti/ (American
English), /lbti/ (British
English)

temperature:

/tmpt/

/tmpt/,
/tmpt/

vegetable:

/vdtbl/

/vdtbl/, /vttbl/

Answer 8 :

a)
b)
c)
d)

Government / vnmnt /
Sandwich / snwid /
Postman
/ pustmn /
Pumpkin
/ pmpkin /

one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole

syllable ) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for
the speaker to pronounce.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Government / vmnt /
Sandwich / snwid / (it isnt elision)
Postman
/ pusmn /
Pumpkin
/ pmkin /

THANK YOU