Dep.

Of Anatomy Fk Unjani

its consists of :
Bone ,Cartilage, ligaments

,tendon
Joints
Muscles
Inervation

Skeletal System
Skeleton is composed of Bones + Cartilages

Bone is calcified connective tissue

Cartilage is a reilient, semirigid form of connective tissue,
form parts of the skeleton where motion occurs. No
capillary blood supply.

Function of the skeleton / bones :

Protection for the vital structures

Supporting for the body
Movement
Storage for calcium, phosphate
Supply of new blood cells

Classification of Bones
Region
Axial skeleton

Skull
Neck ( hyoid bone
and cervical
vertebrae )
Trunk ( ribs,
sternum, vertebrae,
sacrum )

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs

Including pectoral
and pelvic girdles

Vascularitation & nerve of bone

Periosteal arteries.

it enter the bone from the periosteum, the

connective tissue membrane investing bones
Nutrient artery

Pass obliquely through the compact bone and

supplies the spongy bone and bone marrow.
Nerve

Periosteum is richly supplied with sensory

fibers, periosteal nerve

Bone itself is relatively sparsely supplied with

sensory endings. Vasomotor is important for
regulating bloodflow through the bone.

The Articular System

Joint are the functional sites where the skeletal

and muscular system interact

Three main factors influence the stabiliy / mobility

of a joint :
1. The shape of the articular surface
2. The strength of joint capsule and ligaments
3. The strength and orientation of muscles acting
at the joint

Classification of Joints
Classification according to
the type of material by
which the articulating
bones are united
(structures) :

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Fibrous joints

United by fibrous tissue

Sutures

Syndesmosis :

Syn + desmos = bond

interosseous membrane

Gomphosis (dentoalveoler syndesmosis)

Cartilaginous joints

United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Synchondroses, primary cartilaginous joints

Secondary cartilaginous joints

the bone united by hyaline cartilage

Temporary union between diaphysis and epiphysis
Symphysis
Strong
Slightly moveable

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebralis discs

Provide strength, and shock absoprtion

Synovial joints

United by an articular capsule

A fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane

Articular cartilage covers the bearing surfaces of the
bones
Joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule containing
synovial fluid

Six major type : plane (acromioclavicular joint), hinge (

elbow joint), saddle (carpometacarpal joint), condyloid
(metacarpophalangeal joint), ball and socket ( hip joint),
pivot (atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint).

Classification of Joint

1. Fibrous
2.Cartilagin
ous
3. Synovial

Synovial Joint

Synovial Joint, structure

Terms of movement

T M J
(temporomandibular joint )

Depression :suprahyoid muscles: digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid,, and

Infrahyoid muscles., :omohyoid.sternohyoid, thyrohyoid

Vertebral Column
Components

Vertebrae
Intervertebral discs

Normal Curvatures
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Abnormal Curvatures
Scoliosis
Lordosis
Kyphosis

Vertebral Colum
General Characteristics of
a Vertebra
The Cervical
Vertebr
The Thoracic
Vertebr
The Lumbar
Vertebr
The Sacral and
Coccygeal Vertebr
The Vertebral Column as a
Whole

Vertebrae
Parts of a typical
vertebra
Body
Vertebral arch
Pedicles (paired)
Laminae (paired)
Transverse processes
(paired)
Spinous process
(single)
Vertebral foramen

Joints of the vertebral column

Joint of the vertebral bodies

Joint of the vertebral arches
(zygapophysial joints)
Atlanto-axial joints
Atlanto-occipital joints
Costo-vertebral joints
Sacro-iliac joint

 Atlantooccpital :

Ante and retroflexie (30 ) degree it`s to retard by anterior

membr,atlantooccipital , and ant.,atlanto-epistropheus
Lateroflexie (20 ) degree
Rotatio atlantoaxial joints

Skeleton of Upper Limb

Shoulder (shoulder girdle)
Clavicle, Scapula
Upper arm
Humerus
Lower arm
Ulna
Radius

Hand

Carpus
Metacarpus
Phalanges of the Hand

Carpal tunnel

Joints of the upper limb

Sterno-clavicular joint
Acromio-clavicular joint

Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar joint

Wrist joint
Intercarpal joints
Carpo-metacarpal joints
MP joints
IP joints

Elbow Joint
Structure :
Distal part of humerus
Proximal part of radius and

ulna

Wrist joint
Radio-carpal joint
Proximal parts :

Distal end of
radius

Articular disc
Distal parts

Proximal row of
carpal bones

Skeleton of Lower Limb

Pelvis
Hip Bone
Femur
Patella
Leg

Tibia
Fibula

The Foot

Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges of the Foot

Skeleton of the
Lower limb

Hip joint
Knee joint
Tibio-fibular joints
Ankle joint
Foot joints :

Joints of the lower limb

Involve tarsal,metatarsal

and phalanges
Subtalar joint

Talo-calcaneonavicular
Calcaneo-cuboid
Cuneonavicular
Intercuneiformcuneocuboid
Tarsometatarsal,and
intermetatarsal

Metacarpophalangeal and

iterphalangeal

HIP JOINT
Type : enarthrosis (ball
and socket )
Bones : head of femur
and acetabulum of hip
bone
Movement : flexion,
extension, abduction,
adduction, lateral,
medial rotation

Ligaments of hip joint :

Acetabular labrum (glenoid

labrum)
Transverse acetabular
Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Capitis / teres femoris
Synovial membrane

 Perasat Thomas

MUSCLE ACTING ON HIP JOINTS

Flexion : iliopsoas, sartorius, pectineus, rectus fem., add. long., add.

Brevis, add. magnus (anterior part), tensor fascia lata

Medial rotate : Glut. max, semitend., semimemb., biceps fem., add.
mag. (posterior part)
Lateral rotate : Piriformis, obturator int., gemelli., obturator ext.,
quadrat., fem., glut. max., adductores (all)
Extension : Gluteus max., semitend., semimemb., biceps fem., add.,
mag., post., part.
Abduction : Glut. med., glut. min., tensor f.l., piriformis, sartorius
Adduction : add. mag., add. long., add. brev., gracilis, pectineus,
obturator ext., quadratus fem.

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. Dislocation
1. Congenital
2. Traumatic
anterior dislocation much rarer than
posterior dislocation
B. Osteoarthritis

Knee joints

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A skeletal muscle has two attachment to the

bone however :
*some muscles attached to the skin (platysma )
* muscles are attached to mucous membrane
(intrinsic muscle of the tongue)
* a few muscles attached to fascia
* some muscles forms circular bands (orbicularis
oris)

The muscle attached the bone

by a tendon, aponeurosis.
Movement : primer moving
/agonist, opposits( antagonist),
assisten mover, lever I.,II.,III
pengungkit

 Lever I : articulatio atlantooccipital :

F ulcrum /axis (titik penyokong) between

weight (beban) and forced / gaya
Lever II artic talocrurales weight between axis and force
*is not to much seldom (jarang)
Lever III artic humeroulnaris :force between axis and
weight

Muscle type :
strapp
fusiform
pennate ,unipennate, bipennatus,
multipennatus
,guadrate
circular

Muscle that move the

head :
sternocleidomastoid
semispinalis capitis
splenius capitis
longissimus capitis

Muscle move the vertebral column:

two major group :
superficialis group :erector spinae/
sacrospinal muscles
deep group :
transversospinalis muscles

Superficial group / erretor spine :

iliocostalis cervicis,et thoracis
longissimus cervicis et thoracis,spinalis
thoracis
,iliocostalis lumborum

Deep group /
transversospinali
s:
semispinalis
cervicis, et
thoracis,
rotatores,
multividus

Muscle group of the shoulder

Anterior Thoraco-Appendicular
/ pectoral Muscles
Pectoralis major / minor m
Subclavius m
Serratus anterior m
Posterior ThoracoAppendicular Muscles
a. Superficial : trapezius m,
latissimus dorsi m
b. Deep : levator scapulae m,
rhomboids m
Scapulo-Humeral / Intrinsic
shoulder muscles
Deltoid m
Teres major m
4 rotator cuff muscles (SITS)

Wall of the Axilla

anterior wall
lateral wall

posterior
wall
medial wall
Contents of the
Axilla

Articulation on the Pectoral Girdle

Movement, support/stability
1.
Sterno-clavicular joint
2.
Acromio-clavicular joint
Acromiclavicular lig., coracoclavicular lig. ( trapezoid, conoid )
3.
Scapulo-thoracic joint
Pseudo-joint,
Support : M.trapezius,rhomboidei,serratus anterior,levator
scapulae
4.
Shoulder joint ( art humeri )
Unstable
Support:

Lig.glenohumeral superior/media/inferior,coracohumeral,
coracoacromial

Dynamic stability : SITS + Tendo m.biceps brachii caput

longum
Coracoacromial arc = roof of the shoulder

Brachial / Upper Arm Region

Skeleton : humerus

Superficial structures
Superficial brachial fascia
Cephalica vein, basilic vein
Cutaneus nerve
Lymphatic system

Fascial Compartment ( Deep

fascia )
Anterior
Posterior
Intermuscular septum

Cross section of the Arm

Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Arm

Muscles:
Biceps brachii m. ;

Coracobrachialis m. ;
Brachialis m.

Innervation :

musculocutaneus n.

Function : Flexor on the

cubital joint

Posterior Fascial Compartment of the

Arm

Muscle:
Triceps brachii m.

Nerve supply : radial

nerve
Function : extension

Cubittal fossa

Boundaries
Superiorly / base : an
imaginary line connecting
the medial and lateral
epicondyles
Medially : pronator teres
Laterally : brachioradialis
Floor : pronator teres,
brachialis
Roof : deep fascia ( cubital
fascia )

 Muscles acting the elbow joints

anterior /flexor compartment

superficial layers :
biceps brachii m.,
deep layers :brachialis and coracobrachialis
posterior /extensor compartment :
superficial layers :long heads and lateral head of
triceps brachii m .,
deep layers : medial head of the triceps m., anconeus
m.

Fascial compartment of the forearm

Anterior Fascial Compartment of the

ForeArm
Superficial Muscles:

Pronator teres m. ;
Flexor carpi radialis m. ;
Palmaris longus m.
Flexor carpi ulnaris m
Flexor digitorum superficialis m

Deep muscles

Flexor digitorum profundus m

Flexor pollicis longus m
Pronator quadratus m

Function : Flexor on the cubital

joint

Posterior Fascial Compartment of the

ForeArm
Extensor supinator muscles

Superficial :

extensor carpi radialis

longus & brevis, extensor
digitorum, extensor digiti
minimi, extensor carpi
ulnaris, anconeus
Common tendon of origin is
attached to lateral
epicondyle of humerus

Deep group

Supinator, abductor pollicis

longus, extensor pollicis
longus & brevis, extensor
indicis

 Thenar muscles : abductor pollicis brevis, flexor

pollicis brevis,and opponens pollicis, adductor

pollicis.
Hypothenar muscles: abductor digiti V,
flexor digiti V brevis, opponens digiti V.
short muscle of the hand :lumbricales(4 ) and
interossei (dorsal and palmar )

The lower limb is specialized

for
locomotion,
bearing weight equilibrium

Lower limb consists of :

Gluteal region
Thigh and knee joint
Anterior leg and dorsal foot
Posterior leg and plantar foot

Gluteal Region 1
Gluteal fascia

Gluteal Ligaments :
Sacrotuberous, Sacrospinous ligament
Greater sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures

entering or leaving the pelvis

Lesser sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures

entering or leaving the perineum

Gluteal Muscles :
Large glutei and a deep of smaller muscles ( piriformis,

obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris )

GLUTEAL REGION
Lies posterior to the
pelvis
Between crista iliaca /
iliac crest
And inferior border of
gluteus maximus is
indicated by gluteal
sulcus when the tight is
extended, it is inferior to
the gluteal fold
Intergluteal cleft (clunial
/ natal cleft) separated
the buttock from each
order

 Gluteal ligaments :
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous lig.
The greater sciatic foramen
The lesser sciatic foramen

Muscle of gluteal region:

gluteus maximus, gluteus
medius, gluteus minimus,
periformis, obturator internus,
gemelli superior and inferior,
quadrattus femoris

 Gluteal muscles :
Three large glutei maximus, medius, and minimus
which are mainly extensors, abductors, and medial
rotators of the thigh
Deeper group : piriformis, obtorator internus,
gemelli, and quadratus femoris lateral rotators of
the thigh

 Emerge to the inferior piriformis muscle are :

Sciatic, posterior cutaneus, inferior glutealis (A,V.N),
pudendal nerve,internal pudendal art.
Emerge to the superior piriformis muscle are :
Superior gluteal art / vena and nerve

Intragluteal injection

Gluteus medius
paralyses

THIGH MUSCLE
Three compartment :
Anterior quadriceps femoris, pectineus,
iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, and sartorius
Medial / adductor group adductor (longus,
brevis, magnus), gracilis and obturator externus
Posterior hamstrings muscle (semitendinosus,
semimembranosus, biceps femoris / long head)

Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment

of the Thigh
Muscles :
Sartorius,
Ilio-psoas,
pectineus,

quadriceps femoris

Muscles of the Posterior Fascial

Compartment of the Thigh
Muscles :
Biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, semimembranosus,

small part of the adductor magnus

Muscle in Posterior
Compartment of the Thigh

Popliteal fossa

Transverse section of the leg

Contents of the Anterior Fascial

Compartment of the Leg
Muscles :

Tibialis anterior,
extensor digitorum

longus,

peroneus tertius,
extensor hallucis

longus

Contents of the Lateral Fascial

Compartment of the Leg
Muscles :
Peroneus longus,
peroneus brevis

Contents of the Posterior Fascial

Compartment of the Leg
Muscles :
Deep transverse fascia
Superficial group :

Gastrocnemius, popliteus,
soleus

Deep group : Popliteus,

flexor digitorum longus,

tibialis posterior, flexor
hallucis longus

Contents of the Posterior Fascial

Compartment of the Leg
Muscles :
Deep transverse fascia
Superficial group :

Gastrocnemius, popliteus,
soleus

Deep group : Popliteus,

flexor digitorum longus,

tibialis posterior, flexor
hallucis longus

FOOT / PEDIS
Skeleton of the foot : 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14
phalanges.
Three parts :
Hindfoot : talus and calcaneus
Mid foot : naviculare, cuboid, and cuneiforme
Fore foot : metatarsals and phalanges

MUSCLES OF FOOT
4 layers muscles of the plantar of foot.
Three compartment of the sole foot :
Medial compartment : abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis, medial

plantar nerve and vessels

Lateral compartment :abductor and flexor digiti minimi brevis
Central compartment : flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum
longus, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, proximal part of tendon
flexor hallucis

 Foot/Pedis Region

Muscle of sole of the foot (plantar pedis):

First layer: abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis,
abductor digiti minimi/V
Second layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricals
Third layer: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor
digiti minimi brevis/V
Fourth layer: Plantar interossei (three muscles), dorsal
interossei (four muscles)
Muscles of dorsum of the foot (dorsum pedis):
extrinsic muscles: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum
longus, extensor hallucis longus
intrinsic muscles: externsor digitorum brevis, extensor
hallucis brevis
Joints :
hip joint
knee/ genu joint
tibiofibular joint proximal and distal
ankle joint
foot joints

Fourth layer:
Plantar interossei
(three muscles), dorsal
interossei (four muscles)

Muscles of dorsum of the foot

(dorsum pedis):
extrinsic muscles: tibialis
anterior, extensor digitorum
longus, extensor hallucis
longus
intrinsic muscles: externsor
digitorum brevis, extensor
hallucis brevis

FOOT / PEDIS
Skeleton of the foot : 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14
phalanges.
Three parts :
Hindfoot : talus and calcaneus
Mid foot : naviculare, cuboid, and cuneiforme
Fore foot : metatarsals and phalanges

ARCHES OF FOOT

Longitudinal arch is composed of :

Medial talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 3 medial
metatarsals. Talus and navicular are most subject to
injury.

Lateral calcaneus, cuboid, 2 lateral metatarsals.

Transversal arch is spreading the weight in all directions :

Posterior transverse arch navicular and cuboid bone.

Anterior transverse arch heads of the metatarsal

bones.

 Arcus is to endured : by interpillar lig., intersegmental

lig. and strapmedial

medial longitudinal arcus
Intersegmental is form by lig.,: calcaneo-naviculare,
cuneonaviculare, cuneometatarsalia.
Interpillar : plantar aponeurosis, abductor hallucis,
flex., digit., brevis
Strap by posterior tibial m.

 Lateral longitudina arcus is toendured by

lig.,:intersegmental : plantar longum.

Calcaneocuboidea,
Inrpillar : aponeurosis plantaris, abductor digiti V,
flexor pollicis brevis
Strap : longus peroneus m.

 Arcus plant., tranversus :

Intersegmental :lig tarsi plantaris, lig., tarsi interossea.
Interpillar : post., tibial m., and longus peroneus m.

 Inervation Upper and Lower limb:

Upper limb brachial plexus
Lower limb lumbosacral plexus