Anatomy:

Physiology:
Study of the structure of
Study of the bodys function
body parts
Gross- large body structures Cardiovascular
Regional- all parts in
Renal
a specific region
Reproductive
Developmental- structural
Neurophysiology
changes over a life time
Embryology- developmental
changes that occur before birth

Complementarity of structure and function

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

carbon
atom

DNA
molecule

organelle
cell

tissue
organism
organ
system

organ

 Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

The sum total of the chemical processes

that occur in living organisms, resulting
in growth, production of energy,
elimination of waste material, etc.
Anabolism- build up of complex
molecules
Catabolism- break down of complex
molecules

Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

All organisms must maintain a constant internal

environment to function properly
Temperature
pH
Salinity
Fluid levels

Relatively stable internal environment

Negative Feedback
vs
Positive Feedback

1.Receptor
2.Control center
3.Effector

Negative Feedback
Body Temperature Regulation

Negative Feedback
Blood Sugar Levels

Positive Feedback
1 Break or tear

occurs in blood
vessel wall.

Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.

3 Released

chemicals
attract more
platelets.

2 Platelets

Positive
feedback
loop

adhere to site
and release
chemicals.

Feedback cycle ends

when plug is formed.

4 Platelet plug

forms.

Positive Feedback
Oxytocin

Moderate imbalance:

Disease
Disorder
Severe imbalance:

Death

Hair
Skin

Nails

(a) Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Figure 1.3a

Bones
Joint

(b) Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
Figure 1.3b

Skeletal
muscles

(c) Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
Figure 1.3c

Brain

Spinal
cord

Nerves

(d) Nervous System

As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3d

Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland

Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
Figure 1.3e

Heart

Blood
vessels
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Figure 1.3f

Red bone
marrow

Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen

Lymph
nodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic stream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune response mounts
the attack against foreign substances
within the body.
Figure 1.3g

Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

Bronchus

Lung

(h) Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occur through
the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Figure 1.3h

Oral cavity
Esophagus

Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine

Rectum
Anus

(i) Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells. Indigestible
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Figure 1.3i

Kidney
Ureter

Urinary
bladder
Urethra

(j) Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3j

Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Testis
Scrotum

Ductus
deferens

Uterus
Vagina

Uterine
tube

(l) Female Reproductive System

(k) Male Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Figure 1.3k-l

Superior

Medial & Lateral

Frontal plane
oblique

Distal

Transverse
plane
Proximal

Posterior
Inferior

Midsagittal Anterior
plane

 Organs surrounded by double layer

membrane called serosa or serous
membrane
Composed mostly of simple squamous
epithelia and a little connective tissue
Filled with serous fluid- function reduce
friction
Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both
secrete serous fluid

Pericardial membrane

Parietal pericardium

Serous fluid
Visceral pericardium

Pleural membrane
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura

Serous fluid

Peritoneal membrane

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity

 pleurisyinflammation of pleura
peritonitisinflammation of peritonea
pericarditis inflammation of pericardia

Nasal cavity
esophagus

mouth

bronchi

stomach

Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(containing synovial fluid)

Hypogastric- large intestine, sm intestine, bladder

Umbilical- sm and lg intestine
Epigastric- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas
Right hypochondriac- liver
Left hypochondriac- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas
Right lumbar- large and small intestine
Left lumbar- large and small intestine
Right iliac- large intestine, cecum
Left iliac- large intestine

Ancient Greece
Hippocrates (460 370? B.C.)
Greek physician
Diseases have natural causes
Rejected view that disease caused by evil
spirits
Believed that the brain was area of higher
thought and emotion, not heart
Program for good health: rest, good
nutrition, and exercise.
Started Western Medicine

Hippocrates Four Humors

Blood: considered to be made by the liver.
Phlegm: associated with the lungs.
Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder.
Black bile: associated with the spleen.

Imbalances of the
Humors Cause Disease
Sanguine: Disease, excess blood
Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm
Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile
Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile

Roman Times
Galen (130 - 200 A.D.)
Anatomy & Physiology
disease resulted from an internal
imbalance of the four humors
Mistakes in understanding circulation
Research based on ape dissection
Textbook used for 1000 years

Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D.

Sad time
Little new knowledge
Taboo against dissecting human
cadavers continued
Avoided actual involvement
Authority prevails

Renaissance
da Vinci(1452-1515)
Anatomy & Physiology

Renaissance
Vesalius (1514-1564)
Anatomy & Physiology
Followed Galens
writings, but later found
he was wrong

Vesalius dissects a female

cadaver in his anatomy lab

Medieval Human Anatomy Before

Vesalius

A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body.

Medieval Human Anatomy Before

Vesalius

This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a

surgeon and a monk.

Medieval Human Anatomy Before

Vesalius

Medieval Human Anatomy Before

Vesalius

Vesalius Images

Vesalius Images

The female pelvic anatomy. From

Vesalius's De Corporis Humani
Fabrica, 1543.

Microscope

William Harvey
1578-1657

Discoveries
Disproved Galen that blood not
made from the liver
Heart is a pump not a suction
device
Showed closed circuit circulation
Showed existence of valves in
veins

Circulation

Arteries,
Veins
&
Capillaries

Leeches and Maggots make a comeback

A prescription leech at the

Harborview Medical Center
pharmacy.

1600s Medicine: Leeches

Ultrasound

X Ray

Ct Scan

3D reconstruction of CT Scan.
Objects are packets of cocaine.

MRI

PET Scan

Modern Technology
Pill cam

Smartphone apps

Inquiry
1. What are the four types of planes that may
be passed through the body?
2. Is the radius proximal to the humerus?
3. Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea?
4. Are the ribs superficial to the lungs?
5. Is the urinary bladder medial to the
ascending colon?
6. Is the sternum lateral to the descending
colon?
7. Distinguish between negative and positive
feedback.

Inquiry
1. What is homeostasis?
2. What organs would you find in the left iliac
region?
3. Galens textbook was based on research of
______ not humans.
4. What did Velsalius discover?
5. Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Galileo invented
the____.
6. List 4 modern non-evasive technologies
that allow us to look in the body.
7. What are leeches and maggots used for?
8. The pericardium, pleura and peritoneum
refer to ________.