Sistem Periodik, Ikatan

Kimia, Struktur Molekul

Pertemuan Ke-2

 Bilangan Kuantum Pergerakan

elektron dalam 3 dimensi :
Utama
Azimut
Magnetik

Orbital menyatakan fungsi

gelombang elektron. (landasannya
persamaan schrodinger)

Bentuk
orbital

 Konfigurasi Elektron Valensi:

Prinsip Pauli :
elektron-elektronnya akan menempati
orbital dengan energi terendah,
Batas maksimal elektron dalam satu tempat
orbital = 2 elektron yang saling berlainan
arah spin.

Teori dasar sistem periodik :

Konfigurasi
elektron kulit terluar dengan jelas
berubah

Tingkatan energi dalam

orbital

Contoh.
Tuliskan konfigurasi elektron dari :
26 Fe, 40 Zr, 52 Te ?
26 Fe 2+ , 40 Zr 3+, 52 Te 2+ ?

Periodic Table
1A

2A

1
H
3
Li
11

arranged in numbered
rows periods
columns called
groups or families

3A

4A

5A

6A

7A

8A
2
He

10

Be

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Ne

Na

Mg

3B

4B

5B

6B

7B

8B

8B

8B

1B

2B

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

87

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

114

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Uuu

Uub

Uuq

69

70

71

2.3. The periodic table is used to

organize and correlate facts
58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

8
67

68

Periodic Table
Menggambarkan mengenai sifat fisik
dan kimia dari suatu unsur.
Kimia Klasik Mendeleev pertama
kali yg menyusun berdasarkan
kenaikan massa atom. --- Periodik
Kimia Modern Moseley menyusun
berdasarkan kenaikan nomor atom.

10

Some Important Classifications:

A groups = representative
elements or main group elements
I A = alkali metals II A = alkaline earth
metals
VII A = halogens
VIII = noble (also inert)
gases

B groups = transition elements

Inner transition elements =
elements 58 71 and 90 103
58 71 = lanthanide elements
90 103 = actinide elements

The modern periodic table

2.3. The periodic table is

used to organize and
correlate facts

12

Metals, Nonmetals, And Metalloids

2.4. Elements can be

metals, non-metals, or
metalloids

13

Properties Of Metals
reflect light (have metallic luster) /
berkilau
Can be hammered or rolled into thin
sheets (are malleable) and can be
drawn into wire (are ductile) / lunak
(dpt ditempa)
Are solids at room temperature
(except Hg) / Padat
conduct electricity and heat
(Penghantar)
2.4. Elements can be
metals, non-metals, or
metalloids

14

Nonmetals And Metalloids

Nonmetals
Lack the properties of metals
Tend to pulverize when struck with a hammer
(Cenderung untuk melebur )
Non-conductors of electricity and heat
Many are gases, a few solids, and one liquid
(Br)
React with metals to form (ionic) compounds

Metalloids
Have properties between metals and nonmetals
2.4. Elements can be
metals, non-metals, or
metalloids

15

Besaran SPU
Afinitas Elektron
didefinisikan sebagai kalor reaksi saat
elektron ditambahkan kepada atom netral
gas, yakni dalam reaksi.
F + e F-

Keelektronegatifan
Keelektronegatifan = kemampuan suatu
unsur mengikat elektron
Berkaitan dengan momen dipol, dan energi
ikatan

 keelektronegativan meningkat dari kiri

ke kanan dan menurun dari atas ke
bawah.

Momen dipol adalah besaran vektor dan

besarnya adalah dan memiliki arah.

 Jari-jari atom
Energi Ionisasi
didefinisikan sebagai kalor reaksi yang
dibutuhkan untuk mengeluarkan
elektron dari atom netral,
energi ionisasi atom secara langsung
ditentukan oleh konfigurasi elektron.

Energi Ionisasi

 Tiga atom memiliki konfigurasi

elektron sebagai berikut
(1) 1s22s22p6
(2) 1s22s22p6 3s1
(3) 1s22s22p6 3s2
Manakah yang memiliki energi
ionisasi tertinggi?

Ikatan Kimia

Pembahasan Mengenai
Energi Ikatan
Jenis Ikatan :
Ikatan
Ikatan
Ikatan
Ikatan

Ionik
Kovalen
Logam
Hidrogen

Kepolaran, momen dipol

Lattice Energy, U (Energi

Kisi)
Formation of gaseous ions from an
ionic solid
AxBy(s)xBy+(g) + yBx-(g)

8.1 Electron transfer

leads to the formation of
ionic compounds

23

Compound

Ions

Lattice
Energy (kJ
mol1)

LiCl

Li+ and Cl

845

NaCl

Na+ and Cl

778

KCl

K+ and Cl

709

LiF

Li+ and F

1033

CaCl2

Ca2+ and Cl

2258

AlCl3

Al3+ and Cl

5492

CaO

Ca2+ and O2-

3401

Al2O3

Al3+ and O2-

15,916

Born Haber Cycle for NaCl

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
What has to happen?
Sublime Na: Hsub =
107.8 kJ/mol
Ionize Na: IE1 =
495.4 kJ/mol
Break Cl bond: ( DClCl) = 121.3 kJ/mol

Ionize Cl: EA =
-348.8 kJ/mol
Form bond: -U = -787
kJ/mol
8.1 Electron transfer
leads to the formation of
ionic compounds

24

U vs. Bond Formation Energy

The formation of one mole of solid from
gaseous ions (ionic bond formation) is
numerically the same as the lattice energy
Na+(g) + Cl-(g) NaCl(s) + 787 kJ
Since this is energy released, the value for this
process would be U
Smaller ions have greater attractive forces, as
have those with higher charges

q1q 2
U
kr

8.1 Electron transfer leads to the

formation of ionic compounds

25

Ikatan Ionik
kestabilan gas mulia disebabkan
konfigurasi elektronnya yang penuh,
sementara bila atom mendapatkan
elektron, atom tersebut akan menjadi
anion yang memiliki jumlah elektron
yang sama dengan atom gas mulia
terdekatnya.
Jadi Ikatan Ionik terjadi akibat adanya
serah terima elektron.

Electron Configurations Of Cations

Bila suatu atom kehilangan elektron,
atom tersebut akan menjadi kation yang
memiliki jumlah elektron yang sama
dengan gas mulia terdekat, (aturan
Oktet)
Group Ia: [Noble gas core]ns1
Form 1+ ions to be isoelectronic with
noble gas core element

Group IIa: [n.g.c.]ns2

Forms 2+ ions

Group IIIa: [n.g.c.]ns2np1

Forms 3+ ions
8.1 Electron transfer
leads to the formation of
ionic compounds

27

Electron Configuration of Cations

(Cont)

Main Group metals lose the electrons

in their highest energy subshell first.
Elements in group IIIa below Al also
form 1+ ions.
Ga :
[Ar] 4s2 3d104p1 - 1 e-
Ga+ : [Ar] 4s2 3d10 - 2 more e-
Ga3+ : [Ar] 3d10
8.1 Electron transfer
leads to the formation of
ionic compounds

28

Predicting Cation
configurations
Consider Bi, whose configuration is
[Xe]6s24f145d106p3. What ions are
expected?
Bi+, Bi2+, Bi5+

Consider Fe, whose configuration is:

[Ar]4s23d6. What ions are expected?
Fe+, Fe2+, Fe3+

8.1 Electron transfer

leads to the formation of
ionic compounds

29

Your Turn!
Which is a likely charge for Sb ion?
A. 2+
B. 3+
C. 4+
D. All are possible

8.1 Electron transfer leads to the

formation of ionic compounds

30

Predicting Anion
Configurations
Non-metals gain electrons to become
isoelectronic with the next larger
noble gas
O: [He]2s22p4 +?e- ?
O2-

N: [He]2s22p3 +?e- ?
N3-

8.1 Electron transfer

leads to the formation of
ionic compounds

31

Ikatan Kovalen
Pemakaian bersama pasangan elektron.
Teori Oktet yang digambarkan melalui struktur lewis.
Aturan penulisan rumus Lewis
1) Semua elektron valensi ditunjukkan dengan titik di sekitar
atomnya.
2) Satu ikatan (dalam hal ini, ikatan tunggal) antara dua atom
dibentuk dengan penggunaan bersama dua elektron (satu
elektron dari masing-masing atom)
3) Satu garis sebagai ganti pasangan titik sering digunakan
untuk menunjukkan pasangan elektron ikatan.
4) Elektron yang tidak digunakan untuk ikatan tetap sebagai
elektron bebas. Titik-titik tetap digunakan untuk
menyimbolkan pasangan elektron bebas.
5) Kecuali untuk atom hidrogen (yang akan memiliki dua
elektron bila berikatan), atom umumnya akan memiliki
delapan elektron untuk memenuhi aturan oktet.

Practice
Dengan mengikuti aturan oktet,
tuliskan rumus struktur Lewis
senyawa-senyawa berikut:
(a) hidrogen fluorida HF (b) nitrogen
N2 (c) metana CH4 (d) karbon
tetrafluorida CF4 (e) kation nitrosil
NO+ (f) ion karbonat CO32 (g)
asetaldehida HCHO

Ikatan Koordinasi
Landasannya adalah ikatan kovalen,
dimana sumber pasangan elektron
yg digunakan hanya berasal dari
salah satu atom saja..
Ada istilah ligan dan atom pusat.

Ikatan Logam
Pergerakan elektron yg bebas di
dalam logam,
Tingkat-tingkat energi dalam orbital
molekul bergabung membentuk pita
energi.
Adanya orbital yg berdekatan
memungkinkan elektron untuk
berpindah, shingga dihasilkan arus
listrik ketika adanya medan listrik.
(Konduktor), kebalikannya (Isolator)

Ikatan Hidrogen
bila atom hidrogen terikat pada atom
elektronegatif seperti oksigen atau
nitrogen,
(F,O,N).
Berpengaruh pada sifat kelarutan
terhadap air, serta nilai dari titik
didih.

Ikatan lain
Berdasarkan gaya antarmolekulnya :
Antar senyawa non polar gaya van der
waals

Penyebabnya :
distribusi muatan yang sesaat tidak seragam
(dipol sesaat) yang disebabkan oleh
fluktuasi awan elektron di sekitar inti.
Kepolaran ikatan, yakni besarnya distribusi
pasangan elektron yang tidak merata,
ditentukan oleh perbedaan ke-elektronegatifan
dua atom yang membentuk ikatan.

Polar Molecules Are

Asymmetric
To determine the polarity, draw the structure
using the proper molecular geometry
Draw the bond dipoles
If they cancel, the molecule is non-polar
If the molecule has uneven dipole
distribution, it is polar

9.3 Molecular symmetry

affects the polarity of
molecules

39

Learning Check:
Polar or non-polar?

polar
9.3 Molecular symmetry
affects the polarity of
molecules

polar

Non-polar

40

Dipole Moment
=qr
q= charge in coulombs, C
r= distance separating charges, m
1 D=3.341030 C m

8.4 Covalent bonds can

have partial charges at
opposite ends

41

Learning Check
The CO molecule has a dipole moment of 0.11 D
and a bond length of 113 pm. What is the
amount of charge, in electronic charge units,
on either end of the bond?

q r; q
r
0.11 D
pm
3.34(10 30 )C m
q
12
3.25(10 21)C
113 pm 10 m
1D

8.4 Covalent bonds can have

partial charges at opposite ends

42

Formal Charges
FC = [# Valence e-] [ # bonds + #
unshared e-]
Sum of FC = charge on particle
Calculated for all atoms in the
structure

8.6 Drawing Lewis

structures is a necessary
skill

43

Muatan Formal (cont..)

Your Turn!
What is the formal charge on N in
NH4+?
A. 0
B. +1
C. -1
D. +2
E. None of these

8.6 Drawing Lewis structures is a

necessary skill

45

Isomerism and Resonance: Variations

on a Theme
Structures with the same formula in which
the atoms are in different arrangement are
termed isomers
If the atoms are in the same geometric
configuration but the electrons are
arranged differently, the structures are
termed resonance structures
How do you know if your structure is
reasonable? Check the formal charges!

8.7 Resonance applies

when a single Lewis
structure fails

46

Learning Check:
Which is better?

8.7 Resonance applies

when a single Lewis
structure fails

47

Evidence of Resonance: Carbonate, CO32 Three possible ways of writing the Lewis
structure
Structures have equally good formal
charge distribution
Experimental bond lengths are the same
Actual molecule must be a blend
0

:O
.
.

... 1
O:
.

:O:
.
8.7 Resonance applies
. -1
when a single Lewis
structure fails

2
-

-.
1
:O

.
.

. 2
O:
.. . -1

:O:
0
48

..1
:O
.
.

2
0
O:
.
C0 .
:O:
.
.-

Resonance Structures: The Nitrate

Ion, NO3-

-1

-1

O 0
+ N
O
O
1

-1

O
+
N O
O1
0

-1
-1

0
8.7 Resonance applies
when a single Lewis
structure fails

O
+
N O
O1
49

-1

Your Turn!
Which is the best structure for the sulfate ion?

A.

B.

C.

8.7 Resonance applies when a

single Lewis structure fails

D.

50

Struktur Molekul

Struktur Molekul
Jadi bentuk molekul ditentukan oleh sudut dua ikatan,
yang kemudian ditentukan oleh orbital atom yang
terlibat dalam ikatan.
Dasar teori :
1. Teori tolakan pasangan elektron valensi [valence
shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)],
. jumlah pasangan elektron menentukan penyusunan
pasangan-pasangan elektron di sekitar atom pusat
molekul.
. Kekuatan relatif tolakan
. Pasangan elektron bebas (PEB)-PEB > PEB- Pasangan
elektron ikatan (PEI)> PEI-PEI

 S ENYAWA DENGAN ATOM PUSAT DIVALEN

sudut ikatannya 180.
0=C=0
S ENYAWA DENGAN ATOM PUS A T TRIVALEN
Boron trikhlorida BCl3, sudut ikatan Cl-B-Cl
akan bernilai 120
S ENYAWA DENGAN ATOM PUS A T
TETRAVALEN
Sudut ikatan 109,5

The Five Basic Electron Arrangements

Electron
Domains

Shape

Electron Pair
Geometry

linear

trigonal planar

tetrahedral

9.1 Molecules are threedimensional with shapes that are

built from five basic arrangements

54

The Five Basic Electron Arrangements (Cont.)

Electron Domains

Shape

Electron Pair Geometry

trigonal bipyramidal
has equatorial and axial
positions.

octahedral
has equatorial and axial
positions
9.1 Molecules are threedimensional with shapes that are
built from five basic arrangements

55

Contoh :

Struktur beberapa senyawa anorganik khas:

(a) linear BeCl2; (b) segitiga BCl3; (c)
segitiga bipiramid PCl5; (d) oktahedron SF6.

Bonding Domains And Non-bonding

Domains
Bonding domains are shared
between nuclei
Non-bonding domains are
not shared between nuclei-they
exert a greater electrical field
Repulsion leads non-bonding
domains to occupy larger space
The basic shapes are distorted
by non-bonding domains to
create the molecular
geometry
9.2 Molecular shapes are
predicted using the
VSEPR model

57

Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometries

Bonding Domains

Non-bonding
Domains

Molecular
Geometry

trigonal planar

bent

9.2 Molecular shapes are predicted

using the VSEPR model

58

Tetrahedral Molecular
geometries

9.2 Molecular shapes are

predicted using the
VSEPR model

59

Trigonal Bipyramidal
Equatorial
(e) positions
are
substituted
first
This is
because the
e,e bond
angles are
120, while
a,e bond
9.2 Molecular shapes are
predicted using the
VSEPR model

60

Octahedral Geometries
All bond
angles are
90
Axial
positions are
substituted
first

9.2 Molecular shapes are

predicted using the
VSEPR model

61

Valence Bond Theory

H2 bonds form because atomic
valence orbitals overlap
1s

1s

HF involves overlaps between the s

orbital on H and the 2p orbital of F

9.4 Valence bond theory

1s bonding as an
explains
overlap of atomic

2s

2p

63

VB Theory And H2S

Assume that
the unpaired ein S and H are
free to form a
paired bond
We may
assume that
the H-S bond
forms between
an s and a p
orbital
9.4 Valence bond theory
explains bonding as an
overlap of atomic

64

Hibridisasi
BeCl2,
Konfigurasi elektron : (1s22s2)
Agar berilium membentuk ikatan
sebagai atom divalen, orbital 2s dan
2p harus membentuk pasangan
orbital terhibridisasi sp
Karena kedua orbital hibrida sp
membentuk sudut ikatan 180,

 BCl3
konfigurasi elektron 1s22s22p1;
Untuk membentuk ikatan dengan
valensi tiga, konfigurasi elektronnya
harus (1s22s2px2py).
Satu orbital 2s dan dua orbital 2p
akan membentuk orbital
terhibridisasi sp2. Karena sudut
ikatan antara dua orbital hibrida sp2
adalah 120, berarti segitiga.

 CH4
konfigurasi elektronnya adalah 1s 22s22p2,
dan untuk membentuk atom tetravalen,
konfigurasi elektronnya harus berubah
menjadi (1s22s2px 2py 2pz). Dengan
hibridisasi, empat orbital
hibrida sp3. Sudut ikatan yang dibuat oleh
dua orbital hibrida sp3 adalah 109,5
(sudut tetrahedral). Inilah alasan mengapa
metana berstruktur tetrahedral.

Hybrids From s & p Atomic Orbitals

take VSEPR Geometry
Hybrid

Atomic
Orbitals
Used

Electron
Geometry

sp3

s + p x + py
+ pz

Tetrahedral,
bond angles
109.5

sp2

s + p x + py

Trigonal
planar, bond
angles 120

sp

s + px

Linear,
bond angles
180
9.5 Hybrid orbitals are used to
explain experimental molecular
geometries

69

Bonding Types
Two types of bonds result
from orbital overlap:
sigma bonds
from head-on overlap
lie along the bond axis
account for the first bond

pi bonds
from lateral overlap by
adjacent p or d orbitals
pi bonds are perpendicular to
bond axis
account for the second and
third bonds in a multiple bond
9.6 Hybrid orbitals can
be used to describe
multiple bonds

70

Pi Bonding

9.6 Hybrid orbitals can

be used to describe
multiple bonds

71

HCC H
Each C has
a triple
bond and a
single bond
Requires 2
hybrid
orbitals, sp
unhybridize
d p orbitals
used to
form the pi
9.6 bond
Hybrid orbitals can
be used to describe
multiple bonds

72

Molecular Orbital Theory

Modification of VB theory that considers that the
orbitals may exhibit interference.
Waves may interfere constructively or
destructively
Bonding orbitals stabilize, antibonding
destabilize.

9.7 Molecular orbital

theory explains bonding
as constructive
interference of atomic

74

MO diagrams
Show atomic energy level diagram
for each atom
Show molecular orbitals (bonding
and antibonding*)
1 MO for each Atomic orbital.
Show electron occupancy of the
orbitals.
9.7 Molecular orbital
theory explains bonding
as constructive
interference of atomic

75

Filling MO diagrams
1. Electrons fill the lowest-energy
orbitals that are available.
2. No more than two electrons, with
spins paired, can occupy any orbital.
3. Electrons spread out as much as
possible, with spins unpaired, over
orbitals that have the same energy.
4. Bond order = e- in bonding orbital-ein nonbonding orbitals.
9.7 Molecular orbital
theory explains bonding
as constructive
interference of atomic

76

Diatomic MO diagrams differ by

group
A) I - V

9.7 Molecular orbital

theory explains bonding
as constructive
interference of atomic

B) VI-VIIIA

77