Creation of Brain for The Artificial Animals

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

A Necessity for Proper Operation of

Dynamics Systems.

Control Dominates the Strength

Displacement Work Devices: Macro Operations

A
I
R

Combustion
Products

Air

Intake
Stroke

Compression
Stroke

Power
Stroke

Exhaust
Stroke

Nature of Temporally Cycling Devices

The thermal operation of an IC engine is a transient cyclic
process.
Even at constant load and speed, the value of in-cylinder
thermodynamic parameters vary with time.
Each event may get repeated again and again.
So, an IC engine operation is a transient process which gets
completed in a known or required Cycle time.
Higher the speed of the engine, lower will be the Cycle time.
How to fix the cycle time?
Within a given cycle time, how to control the rates of changes
in thermodynamic properties?

The Art of Positive Displacement Work

Displacement of system provokes the process.
The rate of change in instantaneous controls, decides the rates
of changes of other thermodynamic variables.
The brain of an animal controls the strain rates in Muscles..
How to design the basic brain of these devices?

Control System of A Conventional I.C. Engine

Thermodynamic Ratio
Compression Ratio, rc

Geometrical Ratios : Dynamic Signatures of

Muscles

Optimum Cylinder Geometry

Identification of the optimum engine geometry that provides
the best opportunity to have a highly efficient internal
combustion engine is the first step in designing an engine.
In-cylinder simulations have shown that the heat transfer
increases rapidly above a bore-to-stroke ratio of about 0.5.
Engine systems simulations have shown that the pumping
work increases rapidly above a bore-to-stroke ratio of about
0.45.
Engine friction models have shown that the crankshaft
bearing and power-cylinder friction values, for the most part,
cancel each other out for our opposed-piston, two-stroke
engine.

Engine Geometric Ratios

Engine Compression Ratio

Cylinder Bore-to-Stroke Ratio

RBS

Bore
B

Stroke Length 2a

Kinematic Rod Ratio

Connecting Rod Length l

Crank Radius
a

Extreme Limits of RB
The extremes to this relationship is the inertial forces
origination from the piston motion.
To achieve high power density, the engine must operate at
a high engine speed (up to 18,000 rpm for the Formula 1
engine), which leads to high inertial forces that must be
limited by using a large bore-to-stroke ratio.
For applications that demand high efficiency, a small boreto-stroke ratio is necessary and, again because of the
inertial forces of the piston, requires a slower engine speed
and lower power density.
For the marine application that has a 2.5 m stroke, the
engine speed is limited to 102 rpm.

The World Largest I C Engine

Despite the green hype, internal-combustion engines will keep powering

vehicles for the foreseeable future.

The Latest News

The worlds biggest engine is the Wrtsil-Sulzer
RTA96.
Its the largest internal combustion engine ever built
by man.
Wrtsil-Sulzer RTA96-C is a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke
turbocharged diesel engine that was specially
designed to power the Emma Maersk which is owned
by the Danish Maersk.
Wrtsil-Sulzer RTA96, the worlds biggest engine,
has a weight of 2.3 million kilogrammes.
If the weight of the average adult person is 70 kgs,
this worlds biggest engine has a weight equivalent to
the weight of 33,000 people.

Economies of Scale in Sea Transportation

Maersk Lines have done the world proud by providing
cheap sea transportation that is costing cents instead
of a dollar per every kg weight.
They are able to do this by using economies of scale
in sea transportation.
It is getting cheaper to ship goods from USA to China
and from China to USA.
It has now become cheaper to transport goods from
China to a US port than to transport the same goods
from a US port to the final destination inland of US by
a truck.