SUBSTATIONS IN POWER

SYSTEM
Prepared by
SANCHIT
SINGHAL

WHAT IS A SUBSTATION
An electrical sub-station is an assemblage of electrical
components including bus bars, switchgear, power
transformers, auxiliaries etc. These components are connected
in a definite sequence such that a ckt. can be switched off
during normal operation by manual command and also
automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-ckt.
Basically an electrical substation consists of No. of incoming
ckt. and outgoing ckt. connected to a common Bus-bar
systems.
A sub-station receives electrical power from generating
station via incoming transmission lines and delivers elect.
power via the outgoing transmission lines.
"Sub-station are integral parts of a power system and form
important links between the generating station, transmission
systems, distribution systems and the load points."

SUBSTATION VIEW

MAIN TASKS ASSOCIATED WITH

MAJOR SUB-STATIONS

Protection of transmission system.

Controlling the Exchange of Energy.
Ensure steady State & Transient stability.
Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism.
Maintaining the system frequency within targeted limits.
VoltageControl; reducing the reactive power flow by
compensation of reactive power, tap-changing.
Securing the supply by proving adequate line capacity.
Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose
of network monitoring; control and protection.
Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent
improvement in that area of field.

CONTINUED
Determining the energy transfer through
transmission lines.
Reliable supply by feeding the network at
various points.
Establishment of economic load distribution
and several associated functions

TYPES OF SUBSTATION
Classification based on application
Step Up Substation: Associated with generating
station as the generating voltage is low.
Primary Grid Substation: Created at suitable
load centre alongPrimary transmission lines.
Secondary Substation: Along Secondary
Transmission Line.
Distribution Substation: Created where the
transmission line voltage is Step Down to supply
voltage.
Bulk supply and industrial substation: Similar
to distribution sub-station but created separately
for each consumer.
Mining Substation: Needs special design

CONTINUED
Classification based on Outdoor or Indoor :
outdoor substation is under open sky and Indoor
substation is inside a building.
Classification based on voltage levels, e.g. :
A.C. Substation : EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC
Classification based on configuration,e.g. :
Conventional air insulated outdoor substation or
SF6Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) or Composite
substations having combination of the above
two.
Mobile Substation: Temporary requirement.

SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS AND

PARTS
Outdoor Switchyard
Incoming Lines
Outgoing Lines
Bus bar
Transformers
Bus post insulator & string insulators
Substation Equipment such as Circuit-beakers,
Isolators, Earthing Switches,
Surge Arresters, CTs,VTs, Neutral Grounding
equipment.
Station Earthing system comprising ground mat,
risers, auxiliary mat, earthing

CONTINUED.
Strips, earthing spikes & earth electrodes.
Overhead earth wire shielding against lightening
strokes.
Galvanized steel structures for towers, gantries,
equipment supports.
PLCC equipment including line trap, tuning unit,
coupling capacitor, etc.
Power cables
Control cables for protection and control
Roads, Railway track, cable trenches
Station illumination system

MAIN PARTS OF SUBSTATION

Main Office Building
Administrative building
Conference room etc.

11KVSwitchgear, LV
11KVIndoor Switchgear

Switchgear and Control PanelBuilding

Low voltage a.c. Switchgear
ControlPanels,ProtectionPanels

CONTINUED.
BatteryRoom
andD.C.DistributionSystem
D.C .Battery system and charging equipment
D.C. distribution system

Mechanical, Electrical and Other

Auxiliaries
Fire fighting system
D.G. Set
Oil purification system

MAIN EQUIPMENTS OF SUBSTATION

Transformer
Substation bus (rigid or strain bus)
Switches (Vertical, side, center, double,
etc. break)
Switchgear
Bus Support Insulators
Suspension insulators

CONTINUED.

Arresters
Breakers
Voltage regulators
Current transformers
Potential Transformers
CouplingCapacitors
Line Traps

TRANSFORMER

Three-phase Power transformer

MAIN PARTS OF
TRANSFORMER

Main tank(magnetic core, windings)

Conservator tank
Cooling System (ANON/AFON/AFOF)
OLTC
PRV
Buckholz Relay
Bushings
Controlcabinet

BUSBAR SYSTEMS (BUSBAR LAYOUTS)

Single bus bar system.

Single sectionalized bus bar system.
Duplicate bus bar system with one breaker per
circuit.
Duplicate bus bar system with two breakers per
circuit.
Main and transfer bus bar.

Ring bus bar.

WHAT IS A CIRCUIT
BREAKER
CircuitBreakers are theswitching and current
interrupting devices. Basically a circuit breaker
comprises a set offixed and movable contacts. The
contacts can be separated by means of
anoperating mechanism. The separation of current
carrying contacts produces an arc. The arc is
extinguished by a suitable medium such
asdielectric oil, air vacuum, SF6 gas. The CBs are
necessary at every switching point in the substation
IN SIMPLE WORDS, A C.Bis an equipment which can
open / close a circuit under all conditions i.e.no
load, full load, fault conditions.

A 220 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER

HOW DOES CIRCUIT BREAKER

WORKS
When a fault occurs, the resulting over
current in the C.T primary winding increases
the secondary e.m.f. This
energizes the relay coil, hence the tripping
coil of C.Boperates.
It is interesting to note that relay performs
the function of detecting a fault whereas The
C.Bdoes the actual circuit interruption.

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

ACurrent Transformer isused to step down the current

flowing in the circuit,for the following purposes :
Protection(O/C,DISTANCE,DIFF.)
Metering and indications.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
ACVT is more economical as
electromagnetic voltage
transformer when the voltage
level is above 66KV.

It is used for the purpose of :

Protection
Metering and Indication
PLCC

ISOLATORS & EARTH

SWITCH
Isolators or GODS are used to provide
isolation from the live parts for the purpose of
maintenance.
Earthing Switch is used to discharge the
voltage on the circuit to earth for safety
purpose.

SURGE ARRESTOR
SURGE ARRESTOR is
used to divert the
transient over
voltages Surges to
earth and thus
protects the
Substation
equipment
fromlightening and
switching over
voltage surges.

WAVE TRAP
WAVE TRAP is
connected in series
of circuit which
allows only normal
frequency signal to
pass and check or
stop the High
Frequency PLCC
signals.

DC SYSTEM (BATTERY BANK )

Lead-Acid Battery
Batteries use a
chemical reaction
to do work on
charge and
produce a voltage
between their
output terminal

PROTECTION AND CONTROL PANELS

CONTROL PANELS HAVE
Indication meters /
Annunciation windows
Energy Meters
Control Switches
RELAY PANELS HAVE
Different relays for
protection of
switchgears
installed in the
switchyard.

CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor bank is
used in sub station
to control POWER
FACTOR and
VOLATGE PROFILE.

EARTHING SYSTEM
Purpose of earthing
Safety of the living beings around the vicinity
of the substation
Proper functioning of the protection system
under fault condition
To limit the touch and step potential within
tolerable limits

HUMAN SAFETY
CURRENT RANGE
1 mA
1-6 mA
9-25 mA
25-60 mA
60-100 mA

EFFECT ON HUMANS
Threshold of
perception
Let go currents
Pain full, hard to let
go
Muscular
contractions
Ventricular
fibrillation

THANK
YOU