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All organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen.

Many also contain oxygen and nitrogen
Other elements may also be present.
Phosphorous, halogens and/or metals
Most compounds are composed of carbon chains
bonded with hydrogen

H H H H H
| | | | |
H-CCCCCH
| | | | |
H H H H H
A carbon / hydrogen chain (organic)
H H H H H
| | | | |
H-CCCCCO-H
| | | | |
H H H H H
A carbon / hydrogen chain containing oxygen

Carbon can make four (4) bonds

Hydrogen can make one (1) bond
Oxygen can make two (2) bonds
Nitrogen can make three (3) bonds
Sulfur can make two (2) bonds
Halogens can make one (1) bond

|
C
|
H
-O-

N
|
- S
Cl -

Carbon can make single, double or triplebonds

Hydrogen can make only single bonds
Oxygen can make single or double bonds

|
CH
|
C=O
|
C N

C=O
|
|

CO-C
|

Nitrogen can make single, double or triplebonds

Sulfur can make single or double bonds
Halogens can make only single bonds

H N H
|
H
C=N
|
C N

|
|
-CSC|
|
C=S
|
|

- C - Br
|

Naming Organic Compounds

Study this
Slide and
then click here
To continue

Meth = 1 C
Eth = 2 C
Prop = 3 C
But = 4 C
Pent = 5 C
Hex = 6 C
Hept = 7 C
Oct = 8 C
Non = 9 C
Dec = 10 C

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Alkanes All single bond between carbons

(name ends in ane)

Alkenes contains double bonds between carbons

(name ends in ene)

Alkynes contains triple bonds between carbons

(name ends in yne)

Naming hydrocarbons starts with selecting the longest

Chain (even around corners).
H

H H

| Not| 5 C| chain
|
|
|
H-CCCC CC-H
|
| | 7C
| |
| H
H

c
hH
a
i
n

H H-C-H
|

Name starts
with hept (7C)

All single bonds

Name ends with
ane

Heptane

H- CH

Naming the Side Chain

H
|

H H
|

H-CCCC CC-H
|
| | | |
| H
H

H H

H H-C-H
|
H- CH
|
H

Side Chain

Some Common Side Chains

H H H
| | |
H- C- C -C | | |
H H H
Propyl
C3 H7
H H H H
| | | |
H- C- C -C -C | | | |
H H H H
Butyl
C4 H9

H
|
H -C -H
|
Methyl
CH3
H
|
H -C -H
|
H- C -H
|
Ethyl
C2 H5

Methyl Heptane

H
|

H H
|

H-CCCC CC-H
|
| | | |
| H
H

H H

H H-C-H

H
|
H -C -H
|
Methyl

|
H- CH
|
H

But where is the methyl

Group attached?

3 methyl heptane

H
|

H H
|

H-CCCC CC-H
|
| | | |
| H
H

H H

Methyl group is
attached to the
third carbon thus
3 methyl heptane

H H-C-H
|
H- CH
|
H

Count from the

Short end of
The chain

Two side chains

H
|
H -C -H
H | H
|

H-CCCC CC-H
|
| | | |
| H
H

H H

H H-C-H
|

2, 5 dimethyl
heptane

H- CH
|
H

The first methyl

group is on
the second
Carbon counting
from the short
end!
The second methyl
group is on
the fifth
Carbon counting
from the short
end!

Alkenes (Double bonds)

H
|

H H
|

H-CCCC = CC-H
|
| | | |
H
H

H H

A six Carbon chain hex

Alkene ends in ene
Double bond on second Carbon
From shortest end of chain

2 hexene

Alkene with two side groups

H
|
H -C -H
H | H
|

H-C =CCC CC-H

|
| |
| H
H

H H-C-H
|

2, 5 dimethyl
1 heptene

H- CH
|
H

Alkynes (triple bond)

H

H H
|

H-CCCC CCC
|
| | | |
|
H
H H H H H-C-H
|

4 ethyl 1 octyne

H- CH
|
H

Longest chain
8 Carbons
(oct)

C-H

Triple bond
on C atom 1
(yne)

2 Carbon
Side chain
(ethyl) on
C atom 4

Propane

General Formula

Alkanes (Single bonds)

Cn H(2n +2)

C3 H8

Cn H2n

C3 H6

Cn H(2n -2)

C3 H4

Propene
Alkenes (Double bonds)

Propyne
Alkynes (triple bonds)

Common
Organic
Groups

O -H
Hydroxyl

NH
|
H
Amine

C=O
|

O
|

Ester Linkage

C=O
|

-COC-

O -H

Carboxyl

|
Carbonyl

Ether Linkage

C=O

C=O

NH
|
H

Amide

Some functional groups are combinations of smaller

functional groups
|

C=O
|
Carbonyl

C=O

-COC|

Ether Linkage

O
|

Ester Linkage

Hydroxyl

NH
|
H
Amine

C=O
|
Carbonyl

Carboxyl
O -H

Carbonyl

C=O

C NH
|
H
|

O -H

C=O

C=O

Amide

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Alcohols
-O-H
End in ol

Ethyl
C2 H5

H
|
H -C -H
|
H- C -H
|
O-H
Ethyl Alcohol

R OH
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

Ethanol
Common name
Grain alcohol

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

ketones

C=O
|
End in one

R C = O
|
R
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

H
|
H -C -H
|
C=O
|
H -C -H
|
H- C -H
|
H
Methyl ethyl ketone
Butanone
2 butanone is incorrect
Since counting from either
end would put the carbonyl
On the second Carbon

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Aldehydes
C=O

|
H
End in al

R C=O

|
H
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

H
|
H -C -H
|
H - C=O

Ethyl Aldehyde
Ethanal
Common name

Acetaldehyde

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Acids

C=O
|
O -H
End in oic

R C = O
|
O -H
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

H
|
H -C -H
|
C=O
|
O -H
Acetic Acid
Ethanoic Acid
Common name
Vinegar

Structural Isomers
Same formula but different arrangement of atoms
H H H H
| | | |
H- C- C -C -C -H
| | | |
H H H H
Butane
C4 H10

H H H
| | |
H- C- C -C -H
| | |
H | H
HCH
|
H
Methyl Propane
C4 H10

Propanone

Propanal

Chiral Carbons

Mirror Image molecules

Molecules Cannot be Superimposed!

Out of screen

Into screen

Cis and Trans Isomers

Double bond
cis-butenedioic acid
(maleic acid)
cis like scissors (next to)

trans-butenedioic acid
(fumaric acid)
trans across form

Aromatics
Aromatics are compounds that contain a
benzene ring as part of their structure

C 6 H6

Delocalized
Electron
cloud

Resonance structure

Different symbols for the Benzene Ring

Some Common Aromatics

Aspirin

Cyclics and Aromatics

C6 H6
At first glance they look the same but arent