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Dye streak
turbulent
laminar
transition
* U w (U u ) wdy , or *
Amount of fluid
being displaced
outward
equals
U-u
u
(1
) dy
U
Momentum Balance
Example: Determine the drag force acting on a flat plate when a uniform flow past
over it. Relate the drag to the surface shear stress.
(2)
(1)
h
w: wall shear stresses
Net Force change of linear momentum
r r r
r r r
Fs V ( V dA) V ( V dA)
all surfaces
surface(1)
r r r
V ( V dA)
surface(2)
(2)
Skin Friction
The force acting on the plate is called the friction drag (D)
(due to the presence of the skin friction).
The drag is related to the deficit of momentum flux across the boundary layer.
It can also be directly determined by the integration of the wall shear stress
over the entire plate surface:
D
w dA
plate
w dx
plate
u
u
(1
)dy
U
U
0
U 2 u(U u )dy ,
0
w dx,
plate
dD
2 d
w U
dx
dx
Shear stress w can be directly related to the gradient of
d
the momentum thickness along the streamwise direction
.
dx
Recall that, for laminar flow, the wall shear stress is defined as:
w (u y ) y 0
Example
Assume a laminar boundary layer has a velocity profile as u(y)=U (y/ for
0y and u=U for y>, as shown. Determine the shear stress and the
boundary layer growth as a function of the distance x measured from the
leading edge of the flat plate.
u=U
y
u(y)=U(y/
w U 2
d
dx
U
from the profile.
y
) y 0
U y
u
u
y
y
(1
)dy (1 )dy , since u
U
U
0
0
.
6
U
1 d
U 2
6 dx
6
12
Separation of variables:
d , integrate 2
x 12(
) x2 ,
U
U
U x
w U 2
d
,
dx
Example (cont.)
U x
1
3.46
3.46
, where Re x
x
U x
Re x
x
3.46
, x
U
U
U 3 0.289 U 2
1
w
0.289
, w
x
Re x
x
Note: In general, the velocity distribution is not a straight line. A laminar flatplate boundary layer assumes a Blasius profile (chapter 9.3). The boundary
layer thickness and the wall shear stress w behave as:
5.0
5.0 x
0.332 U 2
, (9.13). w
, (9.14).
U
Re x
Re x
x
( x)
0.5
0.5
x
10
w( x )
0.5
x