RESPIRATION

Human breathing mechanism

Respiration = chemical process whereby
energy is released from glucose or other
simple substances
Glucose + oxygen

energy + carbon dioxide + water

Oxygen taken into body when we breathe

Glucose from food we eat
Exchange of gases known as breathing

Structure of human respiratory

system

Structure of lung

 Lungs are made up of :

bronchioles
Alveoli (singular : alveolus)
Blood capilaries

Lungs are protected by rib cage

Thoracic cavity = houses of the lung

Flow of air from the atmosphere to

the lungs
Nostril

Nasal cavity

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

 Gaseous exchange takes place in the

lungs by diffusion

 An alveolus has adaptations to allow it to

exchange gases effectively. It has:
Large surface area
Thin and elastic walls
Surround by a network of blood capillaries
Moist surface

The breathing mechanism

Process of taking air into lung = inhalation
Air enter lung = inhaled air
Process of expelling air from lung =
exhalation
Air expelled from lung = exhaled air

Inhalation

Exhalation

Inhalation

Exhalation

External intercostal
muscles contract

External intercostal
muscles relax

Rib cage moves upwards Rib cage moves moves

and outwards
downwards and inwards
The diaphragm contracts The diaphragm relaxes
and flatens
and curves upwards
The volume of the
thoracic cavity increase

The volume of the

thoracic cavity decrease

The air pressure in the

The air pressure in the
thoracic cavity decreases thoracic cavity inreases
Air enters the lungs

Air is forced out of the

lungs

The breathing mechanism

Glass tube
Bell jar
Balloon expand

Balloon contract

Rubber sheet

Bell jar = rib cage

Balloons = lungs
Rubber sheet = diaphragm
When rubber sheet is pulled downwards, air
pressure inside bell jar is lowered. Balloons
expand
When rubber sheet is pulled upwards, air
pressure inside bell jar increased. Balloons
contract

Transport of oxygen in the human

body
Involve the following process
Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into blood
capillaries
Transport of oxygen by red blood cells
Diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into
cells

Oxygen diffuse from alveoli to the blood

capillary
Carbon dioxide - diffuse from blood capillary to
the alveoli

 Oxyigen are not soluble in red blood cell

red blood cell contain pigment - haemoglobin
red in coloured
Oxygen will combine with haemoglobin
Haemoglobin + O2 -> O2Hb(oxyhaemoglobin)

Improtance of healthy respiratory

system

Effect of smoke to respiratory

system
Cigarette smoke contains irritants chemical :
A carcinogen - an agent directly involved in
causing cancer.
Nicotine cause addicted
Carbon monoxide cause death
Sulfur oxide acidic = damages lung tissues
Tar blackens the lungs and causes them to be
less efficient for gaseous exchange

Bahan bahan lain yang

merbahaya
Hasil daripada sisa industri seperti:
Debu simen
Debu arang
Debu asbestos

Pencemaran daripada asap kenderaan\

Karbon monoksida
Hidrokarbon- karsinogenik
Nitrogen oksida hujan asid

Masalah pernafasan
Bronkitis - sejenis keradangan atau
kerengsaan pada saluran pernafasan (tiub
bronkiul) di dalam paru-paru.
Asma - sejenis penyakit paru-paru yang
terjadi akibat radang dan penguncupan
saluran pernafasan.
Kanser paru - paru