MEMORY

GROUP 4
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Mustafe abdi farah
Xafsa ali abdilaahi
Xamda aadan cilmi
Farduusa yaasiin jama

MEMORY

memory
Memory is the process of maintaining information
over time.
Memory is the means by which we draw on our past
experiences in order to use this information in the
present.
Memory is the term given to
the structures and processes involved in the storage
and subsequent retrieval of information .

Cont.
Memory is essential to all out lives. Without a memory
of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think
about the future. We would not be able to remember
what we did yesterday, what we have done today or
what we plan to do tomorrow. Without memory we
could not learn anything.
Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of
information. This information takes many different
forms, e.g. images, sounds or meaning. For
psychologists the term memory covers three
important aspects of information processing:

Three stages of
memory

Cont.
1. Encoding and Memory
When information comes into our memory system (from sensory
input), it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope
with, so that it can be stored.
There are three main ways in which information can be encoded
(changed):
. . Visual (picture)
. Acoustic (sound)
. Semantic (meaning)

2. Storage and Memory

Process of retaining information in memory

3. Retrieval and Memory

Is the process of digging information out of memory

Sensory memory
Holds a large amount of perceptual input for a very brief
time. Typically less than 1 second

Short term memory

Short time memory: holds information several seconds

Short term memory has three key aspects:

1. limited capacity (only about 7 items can be
stored at a time)
2. limited duration (storage is very fragile and
information can be lost with distraction or passage
of time)
3. encoding (primarily acoustic, even translating
visual information into sounds).

How much information can stm

hold
Once information is transferred to STM , reheals
and chunking are two important control
processes
Chunking : combining separate items of
information into a large unit
Rehearsal : the process of repeating information
over and over to retain it in STM
Since STM is the working memory , we loose
STM information because of interference

Long term memory

Rehearsal is important in part because it provides us
with an opportunity to move information into a third type
of memory store (LTM)
LMT holds a huge amount of information for a long time.
LMT stores information that underlies the meaning
pictures , words, and objects, as well as memories of
everything done or learned.

 LTM differs from STM in four ways:

a) How in information is recalled.
.how information is indexed
b)The form in which information is stored
.memory or semantic codes
c) The reasons that forgetting occurs
. The information in LTM is permanent
d) The physical location of these functions in the human
brain

Part two

Modality specific memories:

the multimedia brain
Modality specific memory : memory stores that retain
input from a single sense , such as vision or audition , or
from specific processing system ,such as language
Episodic: memories of events that are associated with a
particular context-a time, place , and circumstance.
Semantic: memories of meaning of a words , concepts ,
and general facts about a the world.
Procedural: knowledge about performing motor skills or
knowledge acquired through classical conditioning.
_ declarative memory : semantic and episodic
memory are easily described in words

Retrieval of LTM
All remembering involves tapping into the right
fragments of information stored in a LMT.
We remember information in two ways :
A) recall: is the intentional bringing to mind of explicit
information or , the transfer of explicit information from
LMT to STM.
Once information is in STM , you are aware of it and can
communicate it.
B)recognition: is the matching of an encoded input to a
stored representation, which allows you to know that it is
familiar and that is occurred in a particular context , such
on a list

forgetting

Forgetting: many ways

to lose it
Forgetting: is the loss of the ability to retrieve information
either from the STM or LTM .
Forgotten dies not necessarily mean gone for ever.
There are three major theories explaining why we for get.

Decay :
fade away
Decay : the fading away of memories with because the
relevant of connections between neurons are lost
Memory traces fade out as they are not use
_ this conception fits the common sense
_ the passage of time is a factor is both in SR and STM

 Interference theory: tangled up in memory

The disruption of the ability to remember one piece of
information by the presence of other information.
Similar memories interfere with the retrieval of other
memories of the same kind
_ proactive interference- interference that occurs when previous
knowledge makes it difficult to learn something new
_retroactive interference- interference that occurs when new
learning impairs memory for something learned earlier.

Motivated forgetting: repressed

memories
Tendency to forger threatening and unpleasant
information
Through repression, the conscious mind pushes the
unpleasant information into the unconscious mind.

Amnesia: not just forgetting to

remember
Amnesia loss of memory over an entire time span,
typically resulting from brain damage caused by accident
, infection stroke or psychological stress
Retrograde amnesia: amnesia that disrupts previous
memories.
Most of us suffer a special form of retrograde amnesia
called infantile amnesia or childhood amnesia
Antrograde amnesia: that leaves consolidated memories
intact but prevents new learning

How memory is organized

The following are two different views about how memory is
organized
1) Network theory: states that related ideas are stored in
separate categories called nodes; connection or
associations link the many thousands of nodes that form
gigantic interconnected network
_nodes are memory areas thought to contain related information
organized around a specific topic or category
2)schemas

_ schema: is a mental model of a concept, event or object that is

based on previous experience
_schema _concepts and objects
script-events and actions

 Two functions of schema

_ you recall previous information by restructuring schema (script)
_you can file and organize new information by fitting it into existing
schemas and scripts

Mnemonics: memorization methods

_are very efficient methods of encoding to improve remembering and prevent
forgetting
-maintenance rehearsal: repeating or releasing information in the short-term
memory
_imagery rehearsal which involves associating new information with that you
already know
_imagery rehearsal: making associations with images (distinctive association).
_using acronyms and abbreviations

Improving your memory

1) study repeatedly to boost long-term memory
Over learn to learn a name , say it to yourself after being introduced.
2)Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about material
_speed reading (skimming) complex material yields little attention.
3)Make the material personally meaningful . rehearsal and critical reflection yield more
4)To remember a list of unfamiliar items, use mnemonic devices
_associate items to peg-words make up a story that incorporates vivid images of the
items chunk information into acronyms
5)Refresh your memory by activating retrieval cues
_mentally re-create the situation and the mood in which the original learning occurred.
6)Minimize interference
7)Study before sleeping. dont study in close proximity topics that are likely to interfere
with each such as psychology and sociology.
_test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not
yet know.