Tigris and Euphrates

By-
B.Karthick kannan
Hanna George
Preethi priya
naveena
 Tigris
• Sourse:Eastern member of 2 great rivers along
with Euphrates.
• Flow(path):from mountains of south eastern
turkey through Iraq.
• Taurus mountains: about 25km southwest of
the city of Elazig and crica-30km from the
head of Euphrates
• Length:1862km
• 400km through turkey territory before
entering border but Syria
• Only 44 km in Syria.
• Remaining 1418km in Iraq.
Countries
 Turkey,  Syria,  Iraq

Basin area Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran

Tributaries
 - left Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, 'Adhaim, Diyala

 - right Wadi Tharthar

Cities Diyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad

Source Lake Hazar

 - elevation 1,150 m (3,773 ft)

38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.483333°N 39.416667°E /

 - coordinates
38.483333; 39.416667

Mouth Shatt al-Arab

 - location Al-Qurnah, Basra Governorate, Iraq

Length 1,862 km (1,157 mi)

Basin 375,000 km2 (144,788 sq mi)
Discharge for Baghdad
 - average 666 m3/s (23,520 cu ft/s)
 - max 1,825 m3/s (64,449 cu ft/s)
 - min 155 m3/s (5,474 cu ft/s)
 Euphrates
• Longest river:2289km
• Historical importance: battles and warfare's.
• Orgin:Tarus mountains same as that of Tigris.
• Flow(path):through Syria and Iraq.
• Confluence:murat su and Kara su-mount
Ararat and karapanzari mountains.
• Flows through 3 countries turkey,syria and
Iraq.
Countries  Iraq,  Syria,  Turkey

Basin area Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait

Tributaries
 - left Balikh, Khabur
 - right Sajur

Birecik, Ar-Raqqah, Deir ez-Zor, Ramadi, Fallujah,

Cities
Kufa, Samawah, Nasiriyah

Primary source Murat Su

Secondary source Kara Su
Source confluence Keban
 - elevation 610 m (2,001 ft)
Mouth Shatt al-Arab

 - location Al-Qurnah, Basra Governorate, Iraq

Length 2,289 km (1,422 mi)

Basin 378,000 km2 (145,947 sq mi)
Discharge for Hīt
 - average 356 m3/s (12,572 cu ft/s)
 - max 2,514 m3/s (88,781 cu ft/s)
 - min 58 m3/s (2,048 cu ft/s)
 fauna
• Animal life: wild pigs,jackals,hyenas,mongooses,india
jungle rat.
• Lions last seen along Tigris in1926.
• Foxes, wolves and gazelles-in alluvial plains and grass
lands.
• Small animals:gerbil,jerboa,hares.shrews,bats.
• birds- Birds have taken advantage of Turkey's strategic
position as a bridge connecting Europe to Asia and
Africa for thousands of years.
• Snakes
• Fishes:catfish,shiny eel.
 flora
• Anatolia- one of the foremost world sources of
plants which have been cultivated for food.
• 26 Cyanophyceae, one Chrysophyceae, 28
Chlorophyceae, two Euglenophyceae, and 72
Bacillariophyceae-algae.
• Bread is the most important single item in the
Iranian diet.
• . Wheat and barley are planted on dry-farmed and
irrigated lands and on mountain slopes and plains.
• Rice and paddy is the only crop grown
exclusively under irrigation-in area of high
rainfall.
• production of raw sugar-Sugar cane
production increased about 1.7 million tons.
• Wheat is used almost exclusively for human
consumption, and barley is used mainly as
animal feed.
• beekeeping and honey-processing operation
at a site near Qom, which produced about
2,000 tons of honey annually.
The famous Cat fish of Euphrates
and Tigris
Fertile river banks with green
vegetation
 Dams and hydroelectric station
• Dams constructed due to frequent floods.
• River banks very fertile-alluvial soil-sediments.
• Lifeline for civilization.
• Electricity generated for bordering regions of
Syria,Turkey,Iran.
• Dams not maintained properly-political
instability.
 History of 2 rivers
• Civilizations:mesopotomia.
• Tigris and Euphrates valley birthplace
of:assyrian,babylonian,sumer civilizations.
• Northern boundaries-al jazirah (city).
• Southern boundaries: alluvial lands-very fertile-due to
floods.
• Site of glorious Babylonian civilization.
• Political tension.
• Centuries under roman control.
• Euphrates Forms Eastern limit of roman empire-
art,litrature flourished in its banks.
 Mesopotamian civilization
• Mesopotamia-land between 2 rivers.
• Today's modern Iraq.
• Iraq, known in Classical Antiquity as Mesopotamia, was
home to some of the oldest civilizations in the word
with a cultural history of over 10,000 years. Hence its
common epithet, the Cradle of Civilization.
• emergence of urban societies during the Ubaid period,
from ca. 5300 BCE.
• Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient
states with highly developed social complexity.
• The region was famous as one of the four riverine
civilizations where writing was first invented.
Present day
MESOPOTAMIA AT BANKS OF
TIGRIS
 Culture of Mesopotamia
• Important cities: Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, and
Babylon.
• begins in the late 6th millennium BC.
• the rise of the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th
century.
• A cultural continuity and spatial homogeneity
for this entire historical geography.
 People
• Practiced farming-fertile land.
• Fishing- main occupation.
• King was very powerful.
• Built monuments like pyramids-similar to
Egyptians.
• Many warriors-very powerful state.
• Had rituals and worshiped nature as god.
monuments constructed with heavy man
power
War in Mesopotamia
fishing
 City of Babylon
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon-Seven Wonders
of the Ancient World.
• Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC-
constructed.
• Babylonia was a civilization is in Lower
Mesopotamia- Babylon as capital.
• Powerful and advanced civilization-
metalworking, , glassmaking, lamp making, textile
weaving, flood control, and water storage.
 pollution
• less water now in the Tigris, and it is less clean.
• Death of fishes and plants. Ecosystem is under
threat.
• Chemicals dropped by factories-Iraq and Bagdad.
• Smell of burning plastic, raw sewage, Plastic
bottles, grocery bags and other garbage.
• The Tigris is one of Iraq’s treasures, and we must
safeguard our treasures.”
• “The situation is critical,” Prof. Ratib Mufid,
environment expert at Baghdad University.
• no projects to prevent its destruction.
• “The problem of decreasing water flow starts in
Turkey’s Taurus mountains.
• “Between there and Kurdistan, many dams have
been built which reduce the water flow. The idea
was to prevent floods which over the years
affected northern communities, but the
consequence can now be seen with nearly half
the previous water flow.”- Serief Barakah, media
officer at the Ministry of Environment .
• Iraqi environmentalists report that the river is
contaminated with war waste, oil derivatives,
industrial waste, and toxins. “Sometimes I find
crude oil on my nets when I pull them up,”
Majit(fisher man) said. “The fish also
sometimes taste like crude oil.”
•  lots of missiles and bombs dropped during
wars still not cleaned.
• Will cost too much to clean.
• Instability of governments of that area.
A dead cow in Tigris.
Oil refinery in banks of Euphrates
Sewage waste treatment plant
Thank you
Grow trees
Protect mother
nature