LEADERSHIP AND

MOTIVATION
IN ORGANIZATION: Module IIPower and Leadership
Dr. Ashok Kumar
Professor and Head (HR & OB)
Amity Business School, Lucknow

Content of Module II
Introduction, Definition of power, Difference
among Power, Authority and Influence
Sources of Power
Bases of Power in the organization
Application of Contingency model of power
based on French and Ravens and Kelman Theory
Power Tactics used in Organization Individual
and Intergroup Strategies, Situational Influences,
Intergroup Power tactics
Self Assessment Questionnaires and Case Study

What is Leadership?

Leadership is the ability to influence

individuals or groups to think, feel and
take willingly and enthusiastically
action to achieve goals.

Leadership
The ability to influence a group
toward the achievement of a vision
or set of goals

Power
It is capacity of a person, team
or
organization (A) to influence
other (B) so that B acts in
accordance with As wishes. It is
potential to do so.

Influence and Authority

Influence
The process of
affecting the thoughts,
feelings, and behavior
of another person.
Authority
The right to
influence another
person.
2008 by South-Western, a
division of Cengage Learning

10-6

Power vs. Authority

POWER
Ability (potential) to influence others to
bring about desired outcomes

AUTHORITY
Flows down the vertical hierarchy
Prescribed by the formal hierarchy
Vested in the position held

Intergroup Sources of Power

Critical Resources
Strategic contingencies

2008 by South-Western, a
division of Cengage Learning

10-8

Critical Resources
When
When one
one group
group controls
controls an
an
important
important resource
resource that
that
another
another group
group desires,
desires, the
the
first
first group
group holds
holds power.
power.

2008 by South-Western, a
division of Cengage Learning

10-9

Strategic Contingencies
Activities that other
groups depend on
in order to complete
their tasks.

2008 by South-Western, a
division of Cengage Learning

10-10

Contingencies of Power

Substitutability : The extent to which

people
dependent on a resource
and alternative to that resource.
Centrality:
The degree and nature of
interdependence between
the power holder and others.
Discretion:
The freedom to exercise
judgment.
Visibility :

When power base is

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Factors That Give a Group Control

Over a Strategic Contingency
1. The ability to cope with uncertainty.
2. A high degree of centrality within
the organization.
3. Nonsubstitutability the extent to
which a group performs a function
that is indispensable to an
organization.
4. The extent to which power is visible
to other party
2008 by South-Western, a
division of Cengage Learning

10-12

Bases of Power
1. Formal Power: It is based on an individuals
position in an organization. Formal power can
come from the ability to coerce or reward, or
from formal authority.
1.1
1.2
1.3

Coercive Power: It is dependent on fear

Reward Power : It is based on positive
benefits.
Legitimate Power: It is based on structural
position
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Base of Power (Contd)

2. Personal Power: It comes from an individuals
unique characteristics.
2.1Expert Power:
Experience, special skill
or knowledge.
2.2Referent Power:
It is based on desirable
resources or personal traits.
It is also known as charismatic
power.

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Operating Value of Power

Fixed

Free

Legitimate
Reward and
Power
Coercive Power
( Direction Style)( Pressure Style)
Expert
Power
( Logical
Persuasion
Style)

Cool

Referent
Power
( Exchange
Style)

Hot

15

Contingency model of power

based on French and Raven

FIVE BASES OF POWER GIVEN IN 195

1. Coercive
2. Reward
3. Legitimate
4. Referent
5. Expert
SIXTH BASE ADDED BY RAVEN IN 196
6. Informational Power

Contingent Factors

Legitimacy
Limits of Authority
Credibility
Situational Factors
Dependency of Followers
Maturity of Followers

Power Tactics

How do people translate power bases in to specifi

actions for influencing others:

Legitimacy
Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Exchange
Personal appeals
Ingratiation
Pressure
Coalition
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Kelmans Theory of Social

Influence

ree broad varieties of Social Influenc

1.Compliance: People appear to agree but

actually keep dissenting opinion in private

2.Identification: People are influenced by
some one who is liked and respected
3.Internalization: People accept a belief or
behavior and agree both publically and privately

Influencing the Hierarchy

Seniors
-Rational persuasion
Juniors
-Inspirational appeals
-Pressure
-Legitimacy
Peers
-Consultation
-Coalition
-Personal appeals

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Managing with Power

Diagnose the political landscape
Views of others on issues of your
concern
Acquiring and using power
Understanding the strategies and
tactics of power

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