CMOS VLSI DESIGN

Module No 3: Differential Amplifiers

Faculty Name : Sthuthi Rachel Joshua, Sushma Kodagali

Differential Amplifiers

Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier

Configurations: Single ended and
differential operation

Lecture 20 Configurations, Single ended

and differential operation

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Lecture 21 Basic differential pair

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Lecture 22 Common-mode response in

differential amplifier

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Lecture 23 Differential pair with MOS

loads

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Lecture 24 Differential pair with MOS

loads

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Lecture 25 Gilbert cell

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Lecture 26 Gilbert cell

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Lecture 27 Frequency response and noise

in differential pair

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Lecture 28 Numerical Problems on

differential amplifier

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Module 3 Index

Lecture No. 19

Single ended and

differential operation

Differential Amplifier Configuration: Single Ended and

Differential Operation

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Prerequisites

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Prerequisites
Gain of Amp

Maximum swing of Amplifier is

Vomax=VDD
Vomin= Vin-Vth

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Prerequisites
Gain of Amplifier is

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Prerequisites

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Prerequisites

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Prerequisites

10

Module 3 Lecture 19 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Lecture No. 20

Configuration,Single
ended and differential
operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

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Module 3 Lecture 20 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Corruption of Signal due to coupling

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Module 3 Lecture 20 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Effect of Supply Noise

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Module 3 Lecture 20 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Single Ended and Differential Operation

Reduction of Coupled Noise

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Module 3 Lecture 20 Differential Amplifier Configuration

: Single Ended and Differential Operation

Lecture No. 21

Basic Differential Pair

Basic Differential Pair

Basic Differential Pair

Effect of Common mode signal

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Module 3 Lecture 21 Basic Differential Pair

Basic Differential Pair

Quantitative Analysis of Differential Amplifier

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Module 3 Lecture 21 Basic Differential Pair

Lecture No. 22

Common Mode
Response in
Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Effect of Common Mode Signal

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Effect Common Signal on Gain

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Maximum Allowable Voltage Swing

Vomax=VDD and Vomin=ViCM-Vth

Hence there is trade off between swing and gain

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Small Signal Analysis of Differential Amplifier

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Small Signal Analysis of Differential Amplifier

Vx due to Vin1

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Small Signal Analysis of Differential Amplifier

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Small Signal Analysis of Differential Amplifier

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Overall Voltage gain

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Common Mode Response in Differential Amplifier

Example

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Module 3 Lecture 22 Common Model Response in

Differential Amplifier

Lecture No. 23

Differential Pair with

MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pairs with MOS
Loads

Differential Pair with diode connected

load

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Module 3 Lecture 23 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pairs with MOS
Loads

Differential Pair with Constant current

source load

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Module 3 Lecture 23 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Modification to increase voltage
gain

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Module 3 Lecture 23 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Cascode differential amplifier

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Module 3 Lecture 23 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Lecture No. 24

Differential Pair with

MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

The differential pair (differential amplifier) configuration

Widely used building block in analog integrated circuit design
Performance depends critically on the matching of the devices
Utilizes more components than single-ended circuits
Well suited for IC fabrication
Advantages of using differential pair
Less sensitive to noise and interference than single-ended circuits
Bias is provided without the need for bypass and coupling capacitors

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Module 3 Lecture 24 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

The Differential Amplifier with Active Load
Differential to single-ended conversion
Differential pair with differential output
Improved CMRR: suppress the influence of the common-mode
interference
Higher voltage gain: gain is increased by a factor or 2.
Differential pair with single-ended output
Certain applications require single-ended output
A resistive load differential pair can simply provide the differential to
single-ended conversion
The active-loaded MOS differential pair
Utilizes a current mirror ( Q3 and Q4) as the active load
Provides single-ended output for the differential pair

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Module 3 Lecture 24 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Differential Pair with MOS Loads

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Module 3 Lecture 24 Differential Pair with MOS Loads

Lecture No. 25

Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell
Gilbert multiplier cell
The Gilbert multiplier cell is the basis for most integrated circuit
balanced multiplier systems.
The series connection of an emitter-coupled pair with two crosscoupled, emitter-coupled pairs produces a particularly useful
transfer characteristic.

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Module 3 Lecture 25 Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell
Gilbert cell - DC Analysis
The two currents Ic1 and Ic2 are related to V2

Substituting Ic1 and Ic2 in expressions for

Ic3 , Ic4, Ic5 and Ic6 get :

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Module 3 Lecture 25 Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell

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Module 3 Lecture 25 Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell
The differential output current is then given by

Similar:

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Module 3 Lecture 25 Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell
The differential output current is then given by

Where

Finally

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Module 3 Lecture 25 Gilbert Cell

Lecture No. 26

Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell
Gilbert cell Applications

If

and it woks as multiplier

(2)If one of the inputs of a signal that is large compared to VT, this
effectively multiplies the applied small signal by a square wave, and acts
as a modulator.
(3) If both inputs are large compared to VT, and all six transistors in the
circuit behave as non-saturating switches. This is useful for the detection
of phase differences between two amplitude-limited signals, as is
required in phase-locked loops, and is sometimes called the phasedetector mode.

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Module 3 Lecture 26 Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell
Gilbert cell as Multiplier

Thus for small-amplitude signals, the circuit performs an analog

multiplication. Unfortunately, the amplitudes of the input signals are often
much larger than VT.
An alternate approach is to introduce a nonlinearity that predictors the
input signals to compensate for the hyperbolic tangent transfer
characteristic of the basic cell.
The required nonlinearity is an inverse hyperbolic tangent characteristic

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Module 3 Lecture 26 Gilbert Cell

Gilbert Cell

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Module 3 Lecture 26 Gilbert Cell

Lecture No. 27

Frequency Response
and Noise in
Differential Pair

Frequency Response and Noise in Differential Pair

High-Pass Filter Response

Vout

Vin

R1C1
R12C1212 1

The voltage division between a resistor and a

capacitor can be configured such that the gain at
low frequency is reduced.
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Module 3 Lecture 27 Frequency Response and Noise in

Differential Pair

Frequency Response and Noise in Differential Pair

Typical Frequency Response

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Module 3 Lecture 27 Frequency Response and Noise in

Differential Pair

Frequency Response and Noise in Differential Pair

High-Frequency Bipolar Model

C Cb C je
At high frequency, capacitive effects come into
play. Cb represents the base charge, whereas C
and Cje are the junction capacitances.
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Module 3 Lecture 27 Frequency Response and Noise in

Differential Pair

Lecture No. 28

Numerical problems on
Differential Pair

Numerical
Exercise 1: Compute VD , VS , VDS and VGS if ID3 = 2 mA, RD =
500 , VOV3 = 0.5 V, and identical Q1 &Q2 with nCox (W/L ) = 8
mA/V2 , Vt = 0.5 V, = 0. A) For VG = 0 and B) For VG = 1 V.
Repeat the exercise for = 0.1 V-1.

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Module 3 Lecture 28 Numberical

Numerical

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Module 3 Lecture 28 Numberical

Numerical

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Module 3 Lecture 28 Numberical

Numerical

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Module 3 Lecture 28 Numberical

VIDEO (Differential Amplifier)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08nSD0G9MDo

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Video

Thank You