Jordan University Of Science and

Technology
Faculty of science
Department of physics
Seminar title

Raman scattering
:Presented by

Sakher Abed Al Razaq Hayajneh

:Superviser name

Dr. Fedda Alzoube

1st semester
2008 /2007

:TABLE OF CONTENTS .
Introduction .
Types scattering of photon.
Raman scattering explanation.
Application for Raman scattering.
Key feature of SERS .
Mechanism of SERS.
Application for SERS.
Conclusion.
References.

:INTRODUCTION
The scattering of light may be thought of as
the redirection of light that takes place
when an Electromagnetic (EM) wave (i.e.
an incident light ray) encounters an
obstacle or nonhomogeneity, In our case,
.the scattering material (solid, liquid or gas)
As the EM wave interacts with the matter,
the electron orbits within the constituent
molecules are perturbed periodically with
the same frequency (no) as the electric
. field of the incident wave

The oscillation or perturbation of the

electron cloud results in a periodic
separation of charge within the
molecules, which is called an induced
.dipole moment
The oscillating induced dipole moment is
, manifest as a source of EM radiation
.thereby resulting in scattered light
The majority of light scattered is emitted
at the identical frequency (no) of the
incident light, a process referred to as
. elastic scattering

However, as explained below, additional light

is scattered at different frequencies, a
. process referred to as inelastic scattering
Raman scattering is one such example of
.inelastic scattering
In summary, the above comments describe
the process of light scattering as
a complex interaction between the incident
EM wave and the materials
molecular/atomic structure, which is useful
. to study the microscopic structure

Three types photon of

scattering
Thomson scattering - 1
Compton scattering - 2
Raman scattering - 3
.The last one will be discussed in details

1.Thomson scattering:
Describe electromagnatic radiations in
a simple classical process scatter by the
electron of ionized gas.where thomson
cross-section
2
29
2
T8

6.65 10
m eq (1)

Where ro = classical radius of electron

In Thomson scattering the radiation is not

absorbed but reappears as radiations
travelling in different directions .there is no
change in frequency in quantum term the
photon collides elastically with the
.electrons
In other words. The photon energy is mush
less than the rest mass of the electron
2
.
mc
h

:Compton scattering .2
Compton scattering is observed in x-rays
.passing through a solid or gas
The essential interaction is between higher
photon energy and individual electrons.
wether or not that electron is bond to
.atomic nucleus

Under conservation of momentum and energy gives

compton scattering formula
eq(2)

( ) h / mc(1 cos )
'

Where is the wavelength of the scattered photon

& is the wavelength of incident photon
.

:-Raman scattering 3
The spentaneous raman effect was discovered by
C .V Raman 1928 ,he was a distinguished
indian physist who was awarded the noble prize
in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light and
.for the discovery of raman effect
Raman scattering results from the interaction of
light with the vibrational modes of molecules
constituting the scattering medium raman
scattering can equivalently be described as the
.scattering of light from optical phonons

Raman scattering can occur by change *

vibrational , rotational or electronic energy
.of the molecules
The difference energy between the incident
photon and the raman scattered photon is
equal to the energy of a vibration
Of the scattering molecules and its
.described is inelastic scattering

If there no change in
frequency between
incident and
scattered photon
This scattering called
Reyliegh scattering

Figure

Raman scattering has small fraction of light

such as 1 from 10^7 photon will be
inelastic scatter , the event of scattering
.occurs in 10^-14 seconds or less

In general the
scattered light
contains frequencies
different from those
of excitation
source , those
components shifted
to lower frequency
are called
.Stokes lines

Figure 2

and those shifted

to higher
frequency are
called
Anti stoke
.lines

Figure 3

The stockes line are typically orders of

magnitude more intense than anti
stockes lines because at thermal
equilibrium and normal temperatures the
population of electrons in level n state is
smaller than the population in ground
state result from Boltzman energy
distribution ( N proportional
w / k
T
)to

Figure 4

Stokes scattering result when molecules are

in their ground state when it is interact with
the beam of light some of energy from the
colliding photon is channeled into the
vibrational mode of the molecules this
causes the light to absorbed and then re.emitted at lower frequency

Figure 5

Anti stockes scattering occurs when

molecules is in avibrationally excited state
when it interact with the radiations the
interaction can cause to drop to ground
state and lose some of it is vibrational
energy to the re-emitted a higher
. frequency light

Figure 6

Diagram illustrate raman shift .

Figure 7

:Raman scattering explanation

Light is treated as a electromagnatic wave
and the molecules is modeled as small
spheres connected by spring.
The incident light can be described by
following equations :
E (x, t) = E0 Cos (w t - kx),
eq (3)
The induced dipole is
= . E ,
eq (4)
is the polarizability tensor , substitute
in the electric field of light
= E0 Cos (w t) ,
eq (5)

The polarizability tensor depend on

the conformation of the molecule,
it changes as the molecule vibrate .
But = (Q ) ,
eq (6)
Q is the normal vibrational coordinates .
We can expand as tayler series ,
= o + [ ()/ (Q )](Q - 0) + eq (7)
where Q = Q0 Cos (wm t),
eq (8)
Wm is the frequency for the molecule vibrate

By substitute we calculate the induced

dipole ,
= o E0 Cos (w t) + [ ()/ (Q )]. Q0 E0
Cos (w t) .Cos (wm t) ,
eq (9)
= o E0 Cos (w t) + [ ()/ (Q )] .
Q0 E0 [Cos ((w - wm )t) +
Cos ((w + wm )t)] ,
eq (10)

1st term { o E0 Cos (w t) }

mean the incident light frequency is the same
for the scattered light frequency which was
.mentioned ( Reyliegh scattering )
2nd term L.H.S
,Q0 E0 [Cos ((w - wm )t) ([. Q(/ )])
mean lower shift of frequency which was
mentioned (Raman stokes shift )

2nd term R.H.S

Q0 E0 [Cos ((w + wm )t) , mean ([. Q(/ )] )
higher shift of frequency which was
.mentioned (Raman anti stokes shift )
Note that ,the Raman scattering intensity
proportional to
. 2 ]^(Q(/ ) )[
The selection rule for raman scattering is 0( Q(/ ) )

Applications for raman

:scattering
Surface enhanced raman scattering
.spectroscopy (SERS)
This review covers from the basic principles
of raman spectroscopy to the advanced
technique of surface enhanced raman
.scattering (SERS) spectroscopy

SERS was accidentally discovered while people

tried to do raman on the electrode in 1974 .the
original idea to generate a high surface area on
.the roughed metal
In 1977 found the rough sliver electrode produce
raman spectrum that is a million fold more
.intense than was expected
This enormously strong signal debuted surface
.enhanced raman scattering (SERS)

:Key features of SERS

SERS occurs when molecules are brought to thesurface of metal in a variety of
.morphologies
large enhancement are observed from silver ,gold and copper ,the particles size for
enhancement raman to happen ranges from
.nm - 300nm 20
Molecules adsorbed in the first layer on the surface show largest enhancements (large range effect 10
.nanometer )

Figure 8

:Mechanism of SERS
several years ago few were fully convinced that SERS enhancement could be as high
as 15 orders of magnitude and SERS
active materials would include
a variety of transition metals and probably
.semi-conductors

The enhancement most probably comes

.from the increasing of the electric field
When the shape of particle was sharp
The electric field near the sharp tip would be
greatly enhanced , then if we collect two or
more particles gather together the electric
field could be collective resonance of free
electron of the surface of the metal
particles which provides great
. enhancement

:Application for SERS

SERS used in detection of DNA & RNA
:Procedurethe gold particles were designed in special
way to make use of SERS the dye CY3 was
attached to the gold particles and the target
was attached to the CY3 then the gold
particle thrown onto the DNA chip After that
add some silver particles to the solution
which gather around the gold particles which give
.SERS effect

Now we are in a good shape to obtain

Raman signals from the target and locate
it with high resolution and will get
.fingerprint of the DNA & RNA

Conclusion
As previous overview the important factor for raman
scattering that it is more sensitive to different
vibrational modes this is the reason why its called
fingerprint of molecules after SERS was
.discovered
SERS is among the most sensitive techniques available
.to surface science
its capability to delivering specific chemical identification
and to couple this with a wide range of instruments,
has led to its continuing use in both new and
.traditional areas of surface science
.

such industrial fields related to surface

oxidation ,adhesion, corrosion and
catalytic processes and in advanced
.materials ,biology and sensor research
Finally , SERS became a good tool in all
.advanced techniques
Physicists study to increase surface
enhancement using nano wires
. technology

:REFERENCES

MIT course 6.975 handout ,Katrin Kneipp(200) Introductory Raman Spectroscopy,R.LFerraro,academic .

prees USA(1994)
, Introduction to modern optics, Grant R.Fowles,2nd edition New Work1975
The new interfacial ubiquity of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, NM ,J.Weaver (2000)
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy G,C.Weaver,K,Norrod,J.Chem.75,5,621(1998) ,
Electromagnetic Mechanism of surface enhanced Spectroscopy
,G,C,Schatz,759-774 (2002)
M.Moskovits ,D.P.Dilella,in surface enhanced Raman Scattering, R.K.Chang new work, 243-273(1982)

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