INNATE IMMUNE RESPON

First Line of Defense

MICROBES
PATHOGENS OR
NON PATHOGENS

MUCOCILIARY
SYSTEM
SALIVA FLUSING
ACTION

BACTERIAL
FLORA

INNATE DEFENCE SYSTEM

DEFENCE
SYSTEM

Ciliated
pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium with
mucus

Alveolar
macrophage

Cough
reflex

Viral infection
disrupt function
bacteria enter
the steril site

Bronchi
olar
carcino
ma

Trauma or
abdomnal
surgery
disturb
reflex

IMMUNO
COMPRO
MISE OF
DEFENCE
SYSTEM

The lymphatic system

Cutaneus immune system

BARRIERS

Epithelial barriers

The mucosal immune system

Adaptive Immune
Response

Development of the Immune

Response System
Cell receptors or markers confer specificity
and identity of a cell.
Major functions of receptors are:
1. To perceive and attach to nonself or
foreign molecules
2. To promote the recognition of self
molecules
3. To receive and transmit chemical
messages among other cells of the system
4. To aid in cellular development
14

Phases of adaptive of Immune responses

Lymphocyte Receptors
Lymphocytes role in surveillance
and recognition is a function of
their receptors.
B-cell receptors bind free
antigens
T-cell receptors bind processed
antigens

16

Entrance and Processing of

Antigens and Clonal
Selection
Antigen (Ag) is a substance that
provokes an immune response in
specific lymphocytes.
Some times also called an immunogen
Property of behaving as an antigen is
antigenicity
17

Characteristics of
Antigens
Perceived as foreign, not a normal
constituent of the body
Foreign cells and large complex
molecules over 10,000 MW are most
antigenic.
Antigenic determinant, epitope
small molecular group that is
recognized by lymphocytes
Antigen has many antigenic
determinants.
18

19

Route of antigen entry

 Foreign molecules less than 1,000

MW, called haptens
Not antigenic unless attached to a
larger carrier

21

22

Special Categories of
Antigens
Alloantigens cell surface markers of
one individual that are antigens to
another of that same species
Superantigens potent T cell
stimulators; provoke an overwhelming
response
Allergen antigen that provokes allergy
Autoantigens molecules on self
tissues for which tolerance is inadequate
23

Antigen Processing and

Presentation to Lymphocytes
T-cell dependent antigens must be processed
by phagocytes called antigen presenting cells
(APC).
APCs modify the antigen so it is more
immunogenic and recognizable; then the Ag is
moved to the APC surface and bound to MHC
receptor.
Antigen presentation involves a direct
collaboration among an APC, a T helper cell
and an antigen-specific B or T cell.
Interleukin-1 is secreted by APC to activate T H cells.
Interleukin-2 is produced by TH to activate B and
24
other T cells.

APC are required for T cell activation

26

3
Three function of TCR

Antibody Production

B-cell Activation and

Antibody Production
Once B cells process the Ag, interact
with TH cells and are stimulated by
growth and differentiation factors, they
enter the cell cycle in preparation for
mitosis and clonal expansion.
Divisions give rise to plasma cells that
secrete antibodies and memory cells
that can react to the same antigen
later.
30

Role of
dendritic cells
in antigen
capture and
presentation

Antigen processing and presentation

33

Phagocytosis and
intracellular
destruction of
microbes

REACTIVE OXYGEN INTERMEDIATE

= ROIs
Highly reactive
metabolites of oxygen:
. Superoxide
anion . hydroxil
radical
.
hydrogen peroxide

Produce by macrophage

oxyhalides

Damage to ingested bacteria

Produce by macrophage
(induceible form) by
microbial / cytokine stimuli

Nitric oxide synthase

L Arginine

Nitric oxide
Biologic effectors
molecule as
microbicidal agent

Antigen recognition and signaling receptors

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

The clonal selection hypothesis

KINETIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

Specificity, memory and self-limitation of Immune responses

Digestion by Papain and

Pepsin

Monoclonal antibody

Antibody-Antigen
Interactions

Antibody-Antigen
Interactions
Antigen-Antibody binding are very specific, their
effects are:
Opsonization process of coating
microorganisms with specific antibodies so they
are more readily recognized by phagocytes
Agglutination Ab aggregation; cross-linking
cells or particles into large clumps
Neutralization Abs fill the surface receptors
on a virus or the active site on a microbial
enzyme to prevent it from attaching
Antitoxins are a special type of Ab that
neutralize a bacterial exotoxin.
48

Ag-Ab binding

50

Fungsi antibodi

Cytokine

T Cells & Cell Mediated

Immunity
Cell mediated immunity requires the
direct involvement of T lymphocytes.
T cells act directly against Ag and
foreign cells when presented in
association with an MHC carrier.
T cells secrete cytokines that act on
other cells.
Sensitized T cells proliferate into
long-lasting memory T cells.
54

Sitokin: protein yang disekresi oleh sel pada

sistim kekebalan innate atau adaptive, sebagai
perantara dari sel efektor tersebut.
Monokines: diproduksi oleh mononuclear
phagocytes.
Lymphokines: diproduksi oleh lymphocytes.
Cytokines: diproduksi oleh limfosit, monosit,
beberapa sel jaringan, misalnya sel endothel
dan epithel.
Interleukins: diproduksi oleh lekosit yang
berefek terhadap lekosit lain.

Fungsi sitokin pada sistim pertahanan adaptif

T cell mediated immune response