Chapter2 Rappaport

RKtiwary

Assume that wireless communication

standards can be classified as belonging
to one of the following four groups
High power, wide area systems
(Cellular)
Low Power, Local area systems(Cordless
telephone and PCS)
Low data rate, Wide area
systems(mobile data)
High data Rate, Local Area
system(Wireless LAN)
Classify each of the wireless standards
described in these catagories

Wireless
communica
tion
systems
TV Remote
Garage door
opener
Paging
system
Cordless
phone
Cellular
phone
AMPS
IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems
TV Remote
Garage door
opener
Paging
system
Cordless
phone
Cellular
phone
AMPS
IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system
Yes

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system
Cordless
phone
Cellular
phone
AMPS
IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system
Cordless
phone
Cellular
phone
AMPS
IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

yes

yes

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system
Cordless
phone
Cellular
phone
AMPS
IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

yes

yes
yes

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system

yes

Cordless
phone
Cellular
phone
AMPS
IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

yes
yes

yes

yes

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system

yes

Cordless
phone

yes
yes

Cellular
phone

yes

yes

AMPS

yes

yes

IS-95
GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system

yes

Cordless
phone

yes
yes

Cellular
phone

yes

yes

AMPS

yes

yes

IS-95

yes

yes

GSM
IMT-2000
PACS

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system

yes

Cordless
phone

yes
yes

Cellular
phone

yes

yes

AMPS

yes

yes

IS-95

yes

yes

GSM

yes

yes

IMT-2000
PACS

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

yes

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system

yes

Cordless
phone

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

yes
yes

Cellular
phone

yes

yes

AMPS

yes

yes

IS-95

yes

yes

GSM

yes

yes

yes

IMT-2000

yes

yes

yes

PACS

Wireless
communica
tion
systems

High
power,
wide area
systems

Low Power, Low data

Local area rate, Wide
system
area
system

TV Remote

Yes

Garage door
opener

yes

Paging
system

yes

Cordless
phone

High data
Rate, Local
Area
system

yes
yes

Cellular
phone

yes

yes

AMPS

yes

yes

IS-95

yes

yes

GSM

yes

yes

yes

IMT-2000

yes

yes

yes

PACS

yes

Explore:
Why do paging systems need to
provide low data rates? How does
a low data rate lead to better
coverage?

Text. [1] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, 2/e. Prentice-Hall, 2002.

Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks

Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks

Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 2.x1 UltraWideband (UWB)

2.x2 802.16 and Associated standards

Since the mid 1990s, the cellular

communications industry has witnessed
explosive growth.

The widespread success of cellular has led to

the development of newer wireless systems
and standards for many other types of
telecommunication traffic besides mobile
voice telephone calls.

New standards and technologies are being

implemented to allow wireless networks to
replace fiber optic or copper lines between
fixed points several kilometers apart
(fixed wireless access).
Similarly, wireless networks have been
increasingly used as a replacement for
wires within homes, buildings, and offices
settings through the deployment of
wireless local area networks (WLANs).

Wireless personal area networks (WPANs)

with distance of a few to tens of meters became
possible with technologies such as IrDA,
Bluetooth, UWB, and ZigBee.

The Bluetooth can replace appliance

communication cords with indivisible wireless
connections within a persons personal
workspace.

The Zigbee is simpler and cheaper than

Bluetooth, providing lower data rate and longer
battery life for secure networking.

Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks

Unlike 1st generation cellular systems that

relied exclusively on FDMA/FDD(Frequency
Division Duplex) and analog FM, 2nd generation
cellular (2G) standards use digital modulation
and TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
techniques

Frequency division multiplexing

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
describes schemes to subdivide the
frequency dimension into several non-overlapping
frequency bands as shown in Figure
Each channel ki is now allotted its own frequency
band as indicated. Senders using a certain
frequency band can use this band continuously.
Again, guard spaces are needed to avoid
frequency band overlapping (also called
adjacent channel interference).
This scheme is used for radio stations within the
same region, where each radio station has its own

Time division multiplexing

A more flexible multiplexing scheme for typical
mobile communications is time division
multiplexing (TDM). Here a channel ki is
given the whole bandwidth for a certain
amount of time, i.e., all senders use the same
frequency but at different points in time (see
Figure ).
Again, guard spaces, which now represent
time gaps, have to separate the different
periods when the senders use the medium.

Combination of both FDM & TDM for GSM

Frequency and time division multiplexing

combined

Code division multiplexing

Separation
is now achieved by
assigning each
channel its own
code, guard
spaces are
realized
by using codes
with the necessary
distance in code
space, e.g.,
orthogonal
codes.

The most popular 2G standards include three

TDMA standards and one CDMA standard:

Global System Mobile (GSM), which supports

eight time slotted users for each 200 kHz radio
channel and has been deployed widely in the
cellular and PCS bands by service providers in
Europe, Asia, Australia, South America, and some
parts of the U.S. (in the PCS spectrum band only);

Interim Standard 136 (IS-136), also known as

North American Digital Cellular (NADC) or US
Digital Cellular (USDC), which supports three time
slotted users for each 30 kHz radio channel and is
a popular choice for carriers in North America,

(c ) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC), a

Japanese TDMA standard that is similar to
IS-136; and
(d) the popular 2G CDMA standard
Interim Standard 95 Code Division
Multiple Access (IS-95), also known as
cdmaOne, which supports up to 64 users
that are orthogonally coded and
simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25
MHz channel.
CDMA is widely deployed by carriers in

Binary phase shift keying(BPSK); GMSK(Gaussian Minimum SK), DQ:

Differential Quadrature

Evolution to 2.5G Mobile Radio

Networks
2G networks only support single user data rate
on the order of 10 kbps
Too slow for rapid email and Internet browsing
applications
Short messaging service (SMS) is a
popular feature of GSM
With increased throughout data rates that are
required to support modern Internet
applications, new data-centric standards have
been developed that can be overlaid upon
existing 2G technologies
These new standards represent 2.5G

2.5G standards have been developed to

allow each of the major 2G technologies
(GSM, CDMA, and IS-136) to be upgraded
incrementally for faster Internet data
rates.
Figure. shows the various 2.5G and 3G
upgrade paths for the major 2G
technologies

HSCSD:High
Speed Circuit
Switched Data
EDGE: Enhanced
Data Rates for
GSM Evolution

Various upgrade paths for 2G

technologies