GSM & CDMA AN OVERVIEW

BY: ABHISHEK SARASWAT

B. TECH. IV YEAR
 MTS PROFILE
Mobile TeleSystems OJSC (MTS) is the largest mobile
phone operator in Russia and the CIS. MTS services over
95.03 million subscribers (as of June 30, 2009). MTS
provides mobile communications in Russia, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia and Belarus , a
territory with a total population of more than 230 million.
MTS has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange
since July 2000 and trades under the ticker MBT. The
company’s shares have been listed locally on Moscow
Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) since November
2003 under the symbol MTSI. The free float of the
company’s shares is approximately 46.7%. MTS is
52.8% majority-owned by Sistema, the largest private
sector consumer services company in Russia and the CIS.
Classification Of Existing Systems

Technologies

TDMA/FDMA CDMA

GSM (European Standard)

IS 136 (U.S Standard)

IS 95 (U.S Standard)
PDC (Japnese Standard)
 Evolution Chart Broad Band
4G
Service type
Narrow Band Wide Band
1G 2G 3G
Multi
media
Wireless
Internet
Mobile
IMT
Digital system
2000
Voice IS 95
Analog
IS 136
AMPS GSM

~ 24kbps ~64kbps ~2Mbps ~20Mbps

1980 1990 2000 2010

Years
 Access technology
PN Code

Freq Freq Freq

Time Time Time

FDMA TDMA CDMA

 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
• Services Provided By GSM
1. Telephony
- Basic Teleservice

2. Other Services
-Emergency calling
-Voice Messaging
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Services Provided By GSM (Cont..)

3. Bearer Services
- Low Speed data transfer (upto 9.6 Kbps)
-Group 3 Fax and Sms
4. Suplementary Services
- call offering , call forwarding, call restriction,
call waiting, call hold.
- Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• General Architecture Of GSM

HLR VLR
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
SIM
SIM PSTN,
MSC
ISDN

ME BTS
BTS BSC
BSC
EIR AuC
Abis
MS Um BSS A
NS
Mobile Base Station Network
station Subsystem Subsystem
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks

– Mobile Equipment (ME)
– Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station:

1. Personal Mobility
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Function of Mobile Station:
1. Personal Mobility

SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM

 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks

– Mobile Equipment (ME)
– Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station:

1. Personal Mobility
2. IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
3. IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity)
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

– Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
– Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

BSC: Base station Controller

1. It manages radio resources for
one or more BTS.
BSC 2. Allocation and Deallocation of
channels.
3. Transmitter power control.
4. Handoff control
BTS : Base Tranceiver station
1. It defines the cell .
2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

HLR VLR
BSC PSTN,
BSC MSC ISDN
EIR AuC

• Network Subsystem
– MSC: Mobile Switching Center
– HLR: Home Location Register
– VLR: Visitor Location register
– AuC: Authentication Center
– EIR: Equipment Identity Register
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Mobile Switching center:(MSC)

– call set up/supervision/release
– call routing
– billing information colllection
– mobility management
– paging, alerting, echo cancellation
– connection to BSC, other MSC and other local
exchange networks
– Access to HLR and VLR
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Home Location Register (HLR)

– One HLR per GSM operator
– Contains permanent database of all the
subscribers in the network
– contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.)
– It is reffered for every incomming call
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Visitor Location Register(VLR)

– Temporary visitors database
– One VLR per MSC
• Authentication Center(AuC)
– Provides security
– Authentication and encryption
• Equipment Identity Register:
– Contains IMEI
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Location Update
VLR

BSC MSC

HLR GMSC
BSC MSC
PSTN.
ISDN
VLR
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Mobile call originating

VLR

BSC MSC

HLR GMSC
BSC MSC
PSTN.
ISDN
VLR
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Mobile call terminating

VLR

BSC MSC

HLR GMSC
BSC MSC
PSTN.
ISDN
VLR
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Handoff GMSC Handoff is of

3 types
MSC MSC
1. Intra BSC
2 Inter BSC
BSC BSC BSC
3. Inter MSC
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• GSM Radio Aspects :

 Uplink(Mobile to base)
• 890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz)
 Downlink ( Base to Mobile)
• 935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz)

 Total 45 MHz spacing for duplex operation

 GSM uses TDMA and FDMA
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• GSM Using FDMA

200KHz

1 2 3 4 5 124
890MHz 915Mhz
Uplink Freq

Total Frequency range(Uplink)=25Mhz

Spacing between two carriers= 200kHz
No. of Carriers=25MHz/200KHz = 124
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• GSM Using TDMA

– TDMA Frame is divided into 8 time slots.
Freq
Time slots
Down
Link 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 200 KHz
carrier
45MHz
Up Link 0 1 2
33 3 4
5 5 6 7
carrier
4.6 ms
0.57ms
Time
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Classification of channels in GSM

• Two types
– Traffic channels (TCH)
– Control channels (CCH)
Channels are used to carry speech , data and
control information.
Traffic Channels are defined using 26 TDMA
frame multiframe.
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Length of 26 TDMA frames = 120 msec

• Length of 1 TDMA frame =120/26
= 4.615 msec
• 1 TDMA frame consists of 8 burst frames
• Length of 1 burst frame = 0.577msec
• Out of 26 frames 
– 24 are TCH used for traffic
– 1 is SACCH used for control
– 1 is unused
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Frame Multiframe Duration=120ms

0 1 2 10 24 25

Tdma Frame Duration=4.615ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Format of a single Burst Duration=0.577ms

3 57 1 26 57 25

Data Training Data

 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Speech coding
– Speech is digitized by PCM, o/p of PCM is
64Kb/s
– It is further reduced by Regular pulse excited-
Linear predictive coder, bit rate achieved
13kb/s for full rate (260 bits in 20 msec)
– Further encoded for error correction, 456 bits
per 20 msec, bit rate = 22.8 Kb/s
– 456 bits are divided into 8 blocks and
transmitted during 8 burst periods.
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• Classification of Channels
• 1 Traffic (TCH)
– Speech
• Full rate 22.8 kb/s
• Half rate 11.4 kb/s
– Data
• 9.6kb/s
• 4.8kb/s
• 2.4kb/s
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• 2 Control (CCH)
– Broadcast (BCCH)
• Freq correction (FCCH)
• Synchronization (SCH)
– Common (CCH)
• Paging (PCH)
• Access grant (AGCH)
• Random Access (RACH)
– Dedicated (DCCH)
• Fast Associative (FACCH)
• Slow Associative (SACCH)
• Stand alone (SDCCH)
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

• GSM Security
MS NETWORK

Random no
Ki Ki Ki Ki

A3 A8 A3 A8

SRES
Kc Kc

SRES Equal
 3G
Now talking about 3G mobile
communication.
Spectrum of 3G mobile services.
 Combines a mobile phone, laptop and tv
Features :
-Phone call/fax
- global roaming
Digital mobile phone -High-speed web
Features : -Videoconferencing
-Phone call -TV streaming
- voice mail
Speed : 144 kbps – 2Mbps
- sms
Speed : 10kbps
Evolution of Spectrum
4G
2.5G 3G ???
2G

Best technology now widely available

Features :
-Phone call/fax
- voice mail
- send & receive large email messages
-Web browsing
-Navigation / maps
-News updates

Speed : 64 – 144 kbps

 Satellite dish

1000-1600 MHz 2110-2150 MHz 2400-2483 MHz

Includes air traffic Potential “3rd Newest cordless

3G Spectrum allocations
118-137 MHz control, aerospace, generation” (3G) “spread spectrum”
Aviation use military, radar, GPS cellular services phones; “Wi-Fi”
(aircraft and other satellite wireless networking
navigation, etc.) communications. systems
1710-1855 MHz
Spectrum targeted 2345-2360 MHz
for 3G New digital
communications radio satellite
services

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

2290-2300 MHz
Government 2500-2690 MHz
76-88 MHz - 1850-1990 MHz deep-space-to-
Broadband Potential “3rd
88-108 MHz Earth generation” (3G)
FM radio personal communications
communications cellular services
services

174-216 MHz
43-50 MHz
470-608 MHz
Older cordless
614-746 MHz
phones
Broadcast TV/
medical telemetry
 3G System Capabilities …
Interoperability and roaming
Common billing / user profiles:
Sharing of usage/rate information
between service providers
Standardized call detail recording
Standardized user profiles
Capability to determine geographic
position of mobiles and report it to
both the network and the mobile
terminal
 Basic 3G Services
•Multimedia
–integration of music, video and voice such as
video-phones, video-on-demand and MMS
(already available)

•Location-based services
–exp. Map guide to nearest destination
–similar like GPS technology

•M-commerce
–e-commerce to mobile terminals, exp.
Ordering goods, checking bank account
Code Division Multiple
Access
(CDMA)
An Overview
 CDMA
• Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS

CDMA CDMA
one 2000

Wide Band
IS95 IS95B JSTD 008
Narrow Band
 CDMA
• Multiple Access in CDMA:
– Each user is assigned a unique PN code.
– Each user transmits its information by
spreading with unique code.
– Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used.
– Users are seperated by code not by time slot
and freq slot.
 CDMA
• Concept of CDMA
Users share same
User Code 4
bandwidth
User axis shows Code 3

cumulative signal strength Code2

of all users Code 1

Freq
 CDMA
• Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
– Spread Spectrum
• In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in
excess to minimum BW necessary to send it.
• Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN
code at transmitter . Same code is used to despread
the received signal at reciever
– How do we get increased spectrum
Wide band
code seq
Narrow band Wide band
inputsignal X Spreaded seq
 CDMA
• Advantages of spread spectrum:
– Multipath Rejection
– Immunity to interference and jamming
– Multiple access
User Code 4

Code 3

Code2

Code 1

Freq
 CDMA
• Comparison between CDMA and
TDMA/FDMA:
 In TDMA Band width available for transmission
is small which leads to compromise in quality of
transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire
spectrum is used which enhances voice quality.
 In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more
frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas
in CDMA frequency planning is minimal.
 TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power
limited system
 CDMA
• Types of Codes used in CDMA:
– Walsh code
• Orthogonal codes
• In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used
• In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used
– Short PN code(16 bit)
• Used to identify the BS and hence the cell
– Long PN code(42 bit code)
• Used to identify mobile station on reverse link
 CDMA
• Formation of channels (IS 95)
– PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz
– Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)

Link

Forward Link Reverse link

(BS to MS) (MS to BS)
 CDMA
• Forward Link (BS to MS)

Forward CDMA Channels

PILOT SYNC PAGE PAGE TRAFFIC TRAFFIC

W0 W32 W1 W7 W9 W0
POWER
TRAFFIC
CNTRL
DATA
SUB CH
 CDMA
• Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
– Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal
rule.
– It consists of 242 logical channels. 42 bit long PN code
is used to distinguish between channels.

Reverse CDMA Channels

Access Access Traffic Traffic

Ch 1 Ch n Ch 1 Ch m

m mobiles tryin to gain access m mobiles engaged in calls

to system
 CDMA
• Other key Factors
– Diversity
• Time diversity
• Frequency diversity
• Space(Path) diversity
– Power Control
– Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff
 Thanks

QUESTIONS?