Fold mountains of the world

Pamir Knot

Kirthar
range
Su
ra lai
ng ma
e
n

Hindu kush, Kirthar and Sulaiman

Ranges

Mountains in Europe

List of mountains to locate

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

Alaska range
Southern Alps
Dinaric Alps
Atlas mountains
Pyrenees
Caucasus
Apennines
Taurus
Elburz and Zagros

9) Hindukush
10) Kirthar range
11) Kunlun Shan
12) Urals mountains
13) Appalachian
mountains
14) Great Dividing
Range

Importance of mountain building

process
understanding of the origin and
evolution of earths crust.
At the time of the formation of the
earth crust, first basaltic crust of ocean
- breaking and melting - a lighter
continental crust developed.
collide with one another = a larger
land mass.
The joints = fold-mountains.

Urals Mountains

Types of mountains

Block mountains formation

Block mountains
Fault-block mt.
Due to forces within
interior of the earth
Uplifted part = horst
depressed part =
Grabben
Horst => block
mountains
Grabben => rift
valley

Phases of Divergent continental

crust

African rift valley block mountains

Example of block mountains

India
Europe

comparison
Block mountains
Fold mountains
True mountains
Compressive force folding
Due to collision of
plates (C-C, O-C)
Folding of sedimentary
rocks

Not true mountains

Tensile force -faulting
Diverging plates
(Conti)
Differential erosion of
horst of fault looks
like mountains

Landforms on earth

Plateaus
Meaning:
Flat, Table
land, upland,
higher than
surrounding
areas

Formation of Plateaus
Raised land during mountains
building process
Deposition from lava
Deposition from wind
Eroded due to glaciers

Types of plateau
Continental plateau
Intermontane plateau

Bolivia plateau
Tibetan plateau
Columbia plateau
Colorado plateau
Anatolia Plateau
(Turkey)

Deccan plateau
Katanga plateau
Ozark plateau
(USA)
Ethiopian
highland

Lava
Types
of
Plateau
plateau
Glacial
Columbiaplateau
snake
plateau
Grahwal
(USA)
plateau

Deccan
Laurentian
Plateau
plateau

Shan
(Canada)
plateau

Columbia- colorado
Bolivia plateau

Anatolia plateau
Ozark plateau

Laurentian plateau
Loess plateau

Katanga Plateau
Origin of River
Congo and
Zambezi
Dense equatorial
forest
Known for
resources
- Gold, diamonds,
Copper

Plateau of Mato Grasso, Brazil

Equatorial region
Dense rainforest
Known for gold
reserve

Shan plateau, Myanmar

Plateau crossed by
Salween river
Irrawaddy river
passed in eastern
side
Shan plateau- chief
source of lead, zinc
and silver
Myanmar
Known for teak
forest
(Burmese Teak)

Tibetan

Roof of the
plateau
world highest
and largest
plateau
Source of
Indus,
Brahmaputra,
Salween,
Mekong,
Yangtse,
Hwang He
Imp role in
Indian
monsoon

Batholith
Granite
Less mobile,
cannot
move
upward
Backbone of
fold
mountains

Landforms on earth

Plains
Meaning
Flat areas with low
heights
Best for human
habitation
Most populated
areas of the world
alluvial plains of
rivers

Depositional plains
- Rivers
- Sea (sub-merged
coast)
Erosional plains
- Erosion of plateau

Important river basins of the world

Asia

Eur Afri Sout North

ope ca h
America
Ame
rica

Indus

Amaz Mississippi
on
Missouri
Paran Colorado
aParag
uay
Rhon Niger
St. Lawrence
e
Po
Zam
Yukon
bezi

Danu Nile
be
Ganga
Rhine Cong
Brahmaputra
o

Yangtze
(China)
Hwang He
(China)

Yangtze river, China

Important locations

Yangtze 3th longest river in the world

Navigable river 35% of Chinas population
Sichuan basin rice cultivation
Shanghai biggest port of China
Wuhan Iron and steel
Nanjing textile, iron and steel
Chengdu oil and gas
Three gorge dam
Yun ho canal connect Yangtze with Hwang
He

Euphrates- Tigris river, Iraq

Locations near Euphrates-Tigris

Lake Van,
Lake Urmia
Important centers in Iraq:
Baghdad, Mosul, Kirkuk, Al Basra

Amazon river, Brazil

Locations near Amazon river

Largest, 2nd longest river

Selvas equatorial rain forest
Tin, rubber in Selvas
Sertao ranching region
Petroleum reserve at the mouth
Manaus Iron ore, navigable
plateau of Mato Grasso gold
reserve

Mississippi , USA

Locations near Mississippi basin

Temperate grasslands Prairies

Wheat, corn and cotton cultivation
Important cites:
Kansas agriculture
St. Pittsburg iron and steel
New Orleans port, ship building

Murray-Darling basin, Australia

Location near Murray-darling basin

Temperate grassland downs

Wheat cultivation
Sheep rearing ,Animal husbandry
Wool and dairy production

Landforms on earth
Mountains (fold and
block)
Plateaus
Plains

Natural Catastrophic
events

volcanism

Geomor
complete sequence of
pho
processes of creation
Volcanis
and movement of
m
magma + creation of
volcanic landforms
Volcanism is not
random
Reason associated
with volcanism is also
not random

Distribution of Volcanism
1st
Pacific Ring of
Fire
O-O
convergence
O-C
convergence

Plate movements
O-C :Volcanic
mountains
O-O : Volcanic arc

Mid Oceanic Ridge

2nd
O-O
divergence
Basaltic
peaceful
eruption

Mediterranean volcanism

3th
Breaking up of
Mediterranean
plates into
multiple blocks
Andesitic
eruption
Frequent
interaction
Mt. Etna, Mt.
Vesuvius

History of Mediterranean sea

Mediterranean sea
is residual part of
Tethys sea
Tethys sea was
located between
Laurasia and
Gondwana
Collision of Africa to
Laurasia breaking
up of plates of
Mediterranean sea

Hot Spot Volcanoes

4th
Magma From
deep interior
-Basaltic
Fixed place Plate movement
Island arc
Direction of
plate
Hawaii, Reunion,
Kurile, Aleutian

Aleutian Islands

comparison
Andesitic eruption
Basaltic eruption
Occur at mid-oceanic
ridge and hot spot
volcanism
Basalt highly fluid
mobile
Spread across easily
Quite eruption

Volcanic arcs, volcanic

mountains
Andesite less fluid
less mobile
Solidifies at short
distance- intense
pressure develop
inside explosive

comparison
Andesitic eruption
Basaltic eruption

Volcanic Landforms

Intrusive Landforms

Intrusive Volcanic Landforms

Intrusive Landforms
Intrusion of Magma in sedimentary rocks
Sills (Horizontal)
Dyke (Vertical)
Laccolith magma which could not come out
Lopolith saucer-shaped
Phacolith shape like waves
Batholith intrusive granitic rock

Extrusive volcanic Landforms

Lava plateaus
Hot spot volcano
on continental
crust
Cracks on
continental crust
Basaltic eruption
Spread across the
land
Layer over layer
EX. Deccan lava
trapps

Indian Deccan trap

Indian plate passed
over a hot spot
near Reunion
Island
Basaltic eruption
Layer over layers
looks like steps =>
Deccan lava traps
Soil black soil
regur

Spatial distribution of Lava Plateau

List of lava plateaus of the world

Columbia-snake
plateau, USA
Ozark plateau, USA
Parana-Patagonia, S.
America
Adamawa plateau,
Africa
Bie plateau, Africa
Katanga Plateau,
Africa

Deccan plateau, India

Arabian plateau
Balkan plateau,
Europe
Siberian plateau,
Russia
Yunan Plateau, China
Shan plateau,
Myanmar
Kimberly plateau,
Australia

Extrusive volcanic Landforms

Shield / Dome volcano

Volcanic Islands
(Hot spot)
Highly fluid lava
(basaltic) build
dome
Gentle slope
Quite volcano
Volcanoes of
Hawaii

Cinder cones

O-C collision
volcanic
mountains
Less fluid lava
(Andesitic)
explode violently
Viscous lava
solidifies at short
distance
Mt. Paricutin, Mexico

Composite Cones

Volcanic
mountains
Each new
eruption new
layers of ash or
lava

Mt. Stromboli, Mt.

Vesuvius, Mt. Fuji

Types of Volcanic cones

Shield/
dome
Highly
fluid

Cinder

Composit
e
Less fluid / Fluid +
highly
viscous
viscous
Silent flow Violent
Multiple
eruption
and
violent
eruption
Gentle
Steep
Highest

 Geysers
=fountains of
Hot water
Ground water
heated by
shallow
source of
magma
Old faithful
geyser, Yellow
stone park,
USA

Geysers

Hot Spring

Hot Spring:
Water reach
deep enough
heated by
interior
Locate any part
of the world

Difference between
geyser
and
Geyser
G/w heated
by shallow magma
Hotspring
source
Hot spring g/w
heated by either
magma source or
heated rocks
Geyser chamber in
interior pressure
comes out like
fountain
Hot spring - quite

comparison
Hot spring
geyser
Geysers are rare
Hot water dissolved
with silica
accumulated on
surface gives
different colours
USA, - Yellowstone
park

Found anywhere
They gets different
colors from heatloving bacteria, like
cyanobacteria
Medicinal values
Can be helpful in
harness geo-thermal
energy

Geo-thermal energy
Heated water
is taken out
used for
moving
turbine
generation of
electricity
Cooled water
flown back
into interior

Limitations of geo-thermal energy

Difficult to locate a good source of
geothermal reservoir with current
technology
Difficult to dig a deep well with hard
and hot bedrock
Harmful gases can escape from the
earth interior while exploration GHG
gases and dissolved toxic elements

volcanism

Sudden movement or
vibration in earths
crust.
Release of the energy
due to intense pressure
+ active internal
dynamism of the earth

Geomor
pho
Earthqu
ake

Types of Earthquake

1) Shallow focus
EQ
2) Intermediate
focus EQ
3) Deep focus
EQ
Shallow focus
destructive

Earthquakes inSubduction
Japan of Pacific
plate
At Junction of 3 plates

Reasons behind EQ

1st
Collision of
Plate
boundaries
O-O collision
O-C collision
C-C collision

Reasons behind EQ

2nd
Divergent
Plate
boundaries
O-O
divergence
MOR

Reasons behind EQ
3th
Transverse plate
boundaries
Friction developed
between two
plates

Reasons behind EQ

4th
Mediterranean
sea region
Numerous small
plates
Frequent
interactions

Reasons behind EQ
5th
Craton = stable part
of crust
Re-emergence of old
fractures

6th
Human Induced
1) RIS
2) mining
3) Nuclear testing

volcanism

Submarine EQ
Sudden disturbances
of underlying plates
transmit the shock
waves to surface
waves

Geomor
pho
Tsunami

comparison
Tsunami waves
Normal waves

Speed 100 kmph

Cover shorter distances
Wavelength ~100 km

Speed 700 kmph

Cover longer distances
Wavelength > 150
km

wavelength
Distance between
two crests of
troughs =
wavelength
Waves of Tsunami
are wider than
normal waves of
the ocean water

Phase 1
EQ on ocean crust
uplift the water
upward
Tsunami wave
generated
Vessels in the midsea cannot
recongnise the
tsunami waves
Sea water recede at
the shore

Phase 2

At coast depth
decrease
wavelength
decreases wave
height increases
A huge wall of
water 10-12
floor high created
Enormous energy
released at the
shore

Phase 3
Hit the coast
Tsunami- not a
single wave but
multiple waves
4th and 8th waves
are the most
dangerous
Time lapse
between each
waves 15 to 50
minutes

Phases of tsunami

Indian preparedness against

Tsunami
Tsunami Early warning system- gives warning in
10 minutes of submarine earthquake
Indian National centre for Ocean Information
Sciences (INCOIS),Hyderabad
To capture Tsunami wave amplitude on 24x7
basis
real time sea-level sensors with bottom pressure
recorders
HF radars for coastal currents
Coastal tide gauge stations

Catastrophic events on
earth
Their reasons and
distributions
Volcanism
EQ
Tsunami