1

MICROWAVE NETWORK ANALYSIS

Outline
2

1.
2.
3.
4.

Impedance and Admittance Matrix

Scattering Matrix
Transmission Matrix
Signal Flow Graph

N- port Microwave Network

3

Closed waveguide

Admittance Network
4

Driving port j with the current Ij , open circuiting all

other ports (so Ik = 0 for k j ), and measuring the
open-circuit voltage at port I => Zij
Driving port j with the voltage Vj , short circuiting all
other ports (so Vk = 0 for k j), and measuring the
short-circuit current at port I => Yij

Reciprocal Networks
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Consider the arbitrary with short circuits placed at

all terminal planes except those of ports 1 and 2

Reciprocal Networks
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[Y] is symmetry matrix => [Z] is symmetry matrix

Lossless Network
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In are independent

Lossless Network (Cont.)

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Let all port currents be zero except for Im and In :

Ex: Evaluation of Impedance Parameter

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Find the Z parameter of

two port T-network shown
in the figure
Z11 can be found as port 1 input impedance when port 2 is open-circuited

Z12 can be found as measuring the open-circuited at when I2 is applied to 2

Ex: Evaluation of Impedance Parameter

10

Z11 can be found as port 2 input impedance when port 1 is open-circuited

Outline
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1. Impedance and Admittance Matrix

2. Scattering Matrix:

Reciprocal and Lossless Network

A Shift in Reference Planes
Power Wave and Generalized Scattering Parameters

3. Transmission Matrix
4. Signal Flow Graph

Scattering Matrix
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When trying to measure voltages and currents at microwave frequencies,

direct measurement involve the magnitude and phase of a wave traveling in a
given direction or of the standing wave
Equivalent voltages, current and the relate impedance and admittance
matrices become somewhat of abstraction with high-frequency network
The scattering matrix is more in accord with direct measurement and
with the ideas of incident, reflected and transmitted wave.

Scattering Matrix for N - port Network

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Ex: Evaluation of Scattering Parameter

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Find the scattering parameters

for the 3dB attenuator circuit
with
50
characteristic
impedance shown in the figure

Ex: Evaluation of Scattering Parameter

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Determine Scattering Matrix from [Z ] & [Y ]

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The total voltage and current at nth port

Determine [Z ] & [Y ] from Scattering Matrix

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The total voltage and current at nth port

Reciprocal Network and Lossless Network

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Reciprocal Network and Lossless Network (Cont.)

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A Shift in Reference Plane

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Phase reference plane must

be specified for each port of
the network.
When the reference planes a
re moved from their origina
l locations how the scatterin
g parameters are transforme
d?

A Shift in Reference Plane (Cont.)

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[S] scattering network wher

e original reference planes i
s located at zn=0.

[S] scattering network whe

re original reference planes
is located at zn=ln

A Shift in Reference Plane (Cont.)

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A Shift in Reference Plane (Cont.)

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Snm is shift by twice the electrical length of the shift in terminal plane.
Why???

Outline
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1. Impedance and Admittance Matrix

2. Scattering Matrix:

Reciprocal and Lossless Network

A Shift in Reference Planes
Power Wave and Generalized Scattering Parameters

3. Transmission Matrix
4. Signal Flow Graph

Power Waves and Generalized Scattering Parameters

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The average power deliver to a load

Zo is real

Power Wave
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The incident and reflected power wave amplitudes a and b are defined
as the following linear transformations of the total voltage and curren
t:

ZR is known as the reference impedance

Total voltage and current in term of the power wave amplitude

Power Wave (Cont.)

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The power delivered to the load:

Pure Imaginary

The reflection coefficient for the reflected power:

Power Wave (Cont.)

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Choosing the reference impedance as the conjugate of the load impedance

Power Wave (Cont.)

The power delivered to the load

The power wave amplitude vector:

The scattering matrix for power wave:

Outline
30

1.
2.
3.
4.

Impedance and Admittance Matrix

Scattering Matrix
Transmission Matrix
Signal Flow Graph

Transmission Matrix
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Many microwave networks cons

ist of a cascade connection of a t
wo-port network
It is convenient to defined a
2 x 2 transmission matrix (ABCD)
The total voltage and current:

Transmission Matrix (Cont.)

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In a cascade connection of 2 tw
o-port network,
The total voltage and current:

ABCD Parameters of Useful Two-port Circuit

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ABCD Parameters of Useful Two-port Circuit

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Relation to Impedance Matrix

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Equivalent Circuit for Two-port Network

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Equivalent Circuit for Two-port Network (Cont.)

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Equivalent Circuit for Reciprocal Two-port Network:

T equivalent
equivalent

Outline
38

1.
2.
3.
4.

Impedance and Admittance Matrix

Scattering Matrix
Transmission Matrix
Signal Flow Graph

Signal Flow Graph

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The primary components of a signal flow graph

are nodes and branches
Nodes: Each port i of a microwave network has t
wo nodes, a and b . Node ai is identified with a wa
ve entering port i, while node bi is identified with
a wave reflected from port i. The voltage at a node
is equal to the sum of all signals entering that nod
e.
Branches: A branch is a directed path between two
nodes representing signal flow from one node to a
nother. Every branch has an associated scattering
parameter or reflection coefficient.

Signal Flow Graph on a One-port Network

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Decomposition of Signal Flow Graph

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Rule 1 (Series Rule). Two branches, whose common node has only one incoming
and one outgoing wave (branches in series), may be combined to form a single bra
nch whose coefficient is the product of the coefficients of the original branches.

Decomposition of Signal Flow Graph (Cont.)

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Rule 2 (Parallel Rule). Two branches from one common node to another comm
on node (branches in parallel) may be combined into a single branch whose coe
fficient is the sum of the coefficients of the original branches.

Decomposition of Signal Flow Graph (Cont.)

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Rule 3 (Self-Loop Rule). When a node has a self-loop (a branch that begins an
d ends on the same node) of coefficient S, the self-loop can be eliminated by m
ultiplying coefficients of the branches feeding that node by 1/(1 S).

Decomposition of Signal Flow Graph (Cont.)

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Rule 4 (Splitting Rule). A node may be split into two separate nodes as long as the r
esulting flow graph contains, once and only once, each combination of separate (not
self-loops) input and output branches that connect to the original node.

Example
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Use signal flow graphs to derive expressions for in and out for the microwave network

Example
46

Example
47

Onsite Homework
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4.11, 4.18, 4.20, 4.23, 4.28