Eukaryotic Microorganisms - Chapter 12

From Biol 131 - You are expected to read and understand

the fundamental characteristics of eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells (see Chapter 3 of the Bauman text)
Not responsible for all the detailed characteristics of the
microbes (such as different fungal sexual reproduction)
used for their taxonomic classification only what is
presented in class

Be sure to read
sections in other
chapters about
example
diseases and
pathogens

Eukaryotes

How are eukaryotes

classified?

What are the distinguishing

characteristics of algae, protozoa and
fungi?
Eukaryotes

How can we explain the origins of different

photosynthetic protists?
Review Endosymbiosis from Biol 131
-- see end of Chapter 3

Eukaryotes

Characteristics
of Protozoa
heterotrophic or 2O Ps
no cell wall
cytosome

contractile vacuole
most are motile
some stalked
some have multiple
nuclei

Eukaryotes

Kinetoplastids
-- have weird mitochondrial DNA

Some are important pathogens

Trypanosoma (see chap 20)
African sleeping sickness
-- trypanosomiasis
-- Tse-tse fly
Chagas disease
-- American trypanosomiasis

Eukaryotes

Amoeba

Amoebas
Most common indefinite form
Extend pseudopeds
A few are pathogenic
e.g., Entamoeba sp

Foraminifera
form outer shell
e.g.,
Can be huge (mms)
Fossil markers

Foraminiferan

Amoeba feeding
Eukaryotes

Aveolates -- have aveolar sacs below membrane

Ciliates
Cilia functions:
Locomotion
Feeding
2 nuclei

Apicomplexans
apical complex of microtubules

Contractile vacuole
Stentor feeding
Eukaryotes

Plasmodium causes Malaria (chapt 21)

(Apicomplexan)
Visit CDC web site
http://www.cdc.gov/MALARIA/disease.htm

Anopheles mosquito
Complex life cycle
sporozoites
trophozoites
merizoites
Sexual reproduction
Disease
children
adults
Treatment

Plasmodium Life Cycle

Eukaryotes

What are the key

characteristics of Algae
-- photosynthetic
-- cell wall

Great diversity in..

-- pigmentation
-- origin of Cplasts
-- cell structure

And in organism structure

-- unicellular
-- filamentous
-- colonial
-- multicellular

Eukaryotes

Red alga
(Rhodophyta)

Classification of Algae
Primary Symbionts

Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Secondary Symbionts

Euglenoids
Chrysophyta
Dinoflagelates
Phaeophyta

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Why are Chlorophyta believed to be the evolutionary

precursors of the higher plants?
- Cell wall structure
- Chloroplast structure
- Photosynthetic process and products

Eukaryotes

11

Euglenoids and Diatoms

-- 2O endosymbiosis
Euglenoids (Kinetoplastid)
-- light senstitive eye spot

Diatoms (Chrysophyta)
- Silcaceous cell walls
Diatoms

Eukaryotes

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Dinoflagellates
(Alveolata)
-- Chloroplasts via 2O endosymbiosis
-- phytoplankton

Pfiesteria
-- neurotoxin
-- red-tides
See EPA site on Pfiesteria and red tides
http://ivy3.epa.gov.tw/OMISAR/Data/OMISAR/prjdoc/bam1.3/Pfiesteria.html

Dinoflagellate

Eukaryotes

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Rhodophyta (1O endosymbiosis)

Phaeophyta (2O endosymbiosis)
-- common marine macroscopic algae
-- specialized structures
Colors vary widely
Pigments optimized for light abs

Chondrus
crispus
Eukaryotes

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Algae are very important as

producers of ecosystems
-- phytoplankton
-- macroscopic algae

Involved in
symbiotic relationships
-- invertebrates
-- lichens

Components of Rhodophyta cell walls are

sources of thickening agents
-- Agar (Gelidium)
-- Alginates (var. sources)
-- Carrageenan (Chondrus crispus)

In foods, industrial, pharmaceuticals

applications
-- syrups, ice cream, candies, jams
-- paints, adhesives, paper coatings,
-- creams, shampoos, capsules etc
Eukaryotes

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Fungi (Mycology)
Read section in book thoroughly

Basic Characteristics
-- cell walls (chitin)
-- heterotrophic

Common Shapes
Yeasts (spherical)
e.g., Saccharomyces
Molds (filamentous)
hyphae
mycelium

Dimorphism is common

Eukaryotes

16

How do fungi reproduce?

Asexual
budding
spores & sporangia
Budding yeasts

Sexual
+ and - types
mushrooms

Eukaryotes

17

How are Fungi Classified?

Characteristics of sexual
reproduction structures

Ascomycota

Read more thorough descriptions of fungal

groups in text. Note: Deuteromycota is no
longer a recognized fungal group.

-- e.g., Penicillium; morels

Saccharomyces

Basidiomycota
-- e.g., Rusts; Coprinus

Zygomycota
-- e.g., Rhizopus
Or based on other traits

Glomeromycota
-- mycorrhizal fungi

Eukaryotes

18

Ecology & Nutrition

Decomposers
Symbiosis
mycorrhizae
lichens

Predators??
-- nematophagus fungi
-- Arthrobotrys (ascomycota)

Vid 1

Vid 2

Vid 3
Eukaryotes

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Entomophagus Fungi
Cordyceps (ascomycota)
is important pathogen of insects

Cordyceps
Eukaryotes

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Fungi as Plant Pathogens

Agricultural threats
Rust diseases
Dutch elm disease
Ophiostoma ulni
(Ascomycota)

Other Impacts on Humans

Ergot poisoning
Claviceps
(Ascomycota)
mycotoxins
American Elms before and after
Dutch elm blight
(Minnesota Department of Agriculture)

Irish potato famine

Phytophthora infestans
(Alveolata)

Eukaryotes

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In 1940s, Marietta had approximately 2000 American elm trees. How many remain in 2014?

Eukaryotes

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Fungal human pathogens

Mycoses (Chap 19)
(cutaneous vs systemic)

Trychophyton rubrum
-- Ascomycota
-- associated with many Tineas
tinea capitis (ringworm)
tinea pedis
tinea cruris

Candida albicans

Trychophyton rubrum

candidiasis

-- Ascomycota
-- mucus membrane / vaginal infections
-- AIDS

Treatments
-- challenging
-- Ergosterol metabolism
Wiki on antifungals:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_drug
Eukaryotes

Candida albicans
23

Fungi pathogens, cont.

Subcutaneous / Systemic
-- some endemic to our area

Blastomycosis
See Chap 22 & CDC web page

See CDC web page:

Pulmonary Blastomycosis

http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/blastomycosis/index.html

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