The skin
Stuctures and functions
Team of the skin facilitators
eneral structure of the skin
The
Skin
Accessory
Structure
Cutaneous
Membrane
Epiderm
is
Dermis
Papillary
layer
Subcutane
ous fat
Reticular
layer
Exocri
ne
gland
Hair
follicle
Nails
Epidermis composed of
cells
:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cell
Merkel cells
LAYER OF THE EPIDERMIS
Stratum
Corneum
Stratum
Lucidum
Stratum
Granulosum
Stratum
Spinosum
Stratum
Basale
Stratum Basale = Stratum
Germinativum
- Columnar shape cell
- Contain mitotically active cells
- Attach to the basal membrane via keratin
filament at hemidesmosome
- Attach to other surrounding cells through
desmosome
Stratum Spinosum
Supra basal cells are polihedral
Its have a rounded nucleus
They become progressively flatter as lamella
granules attach to other surrounding cells
through desmosome
Stratum granulosum
- Contain keratohyaline granules
- Flatter cell shape
Stratum lucidum
Lapisan jernih / homogen.
Sel gepeng, inti (-) / sel mati.
Struktur sel hilang homogen
Stratum Corneum
Flatened cells
Unucleated
Keratinized cell
By HE staining is red
Melanocyte
reside in the basal layer, it located among basal cells
Pail-staining cytoplasma
Have more pigment-containing melanosome
Produce melanin granules to begin the skin color
Color of the skin based on :
Plexus of the capillary network on the dermis
Etnic
Number of the melanin granules
Number of the caroten substance
MELANIN
pi
KERATINOCYTE
MELANIN
PIGMENT
MELANIN
GRANULE
Merkel cells
Among basal keratinocyte
They are present in the particular region (e.g. digits,
lips orall cavity, outer root sheat of the hair follicle)
Mecanoreceptor
It have pale staining
The cytoplasma contain dense core granules like
neurotrasmitter substance
Langerhans cells
Pail-staining
Supra basal position , are distributed to spine
layer and granular layer
They have racket cell structue called Langerhan
cell granules or birbeck granules
The function is immunologies , like a T Cell .
Interelation with Ag-Ab reaction
Sensory Receptor in the skin
1. Free nerve ending
2. Merkel cells and tactile
disk
3. Free nerve endings of
root hair plexus
4. Tactile corpuscle
( Meissner)
5. Ruffini corpuscle
6. Lamellated corpuscle
(Vaterpacini)
Sense organ of the
skin
Corpusculum meissner
Sense raba
Badan Paterpacini
Sense tekan
Interconection Epidermis with Basal membrana
DERMIS
It is a soft connective tissue, composed of
Collagen fiber : Type I until VII
Elastic fiber
Ground substance: proteoglycans and fibronectins
Nerve
Blood vessel
Lymphaticts
Appendages
Cells : macrophage, leucocyte, fibroblast,
Structure of the Hair
Follicle and Hair
Structure of
the Nail
Structure of
Exocrine Glands
Skin function`s
Physical protection from environmental hazards
Excretion
Thermoregulator
Physical protection from environmental hazards
Sensory information
Synthesis of vitamin D 3
Coordination of immune response to pathogens
and cancer in skin
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Integumantary System
Epidermis Functions
Protect dermis from trauma and chemicals
Control skin permeability
Synthesizes vit. D3
Sensory receptors defect touch, pressure, pain
and
temperature
Coordinates immune response to pathogens and
skin cancers
DermisFunctions
Papillary layer : Nourishes & support epidermis
Reticular layer :
Restricts spread of patogens penetrating
epidermis
Strores lipid reserves
Attaches skin to deeper tissue
Sensory reseptor detect touch, pressure, pain,
vibration and temperature
Vessels assist in thermo regulation
Accessory structure
Exocrine
Functions
Assist in
thermoregulation
Excrete wastes
Lubricate
epidermis
Hair follicles
Functions
Produce hairs
that
protect skull
Produce hairs
that
provide delicate
touch sensation
on general body
surface
Nail Functions
Protect and
support tips of
fingers and toes
Control of Heat Conduction to the Skin
By the degree of vasoconstriction of
arterioles
and
the
arteriovenous
anastomoses that supply blood to venous
plexus of the skin
Vasoconstriction is controlled almost
entirely by the sympathetic nervous
system in response to changes in body
core & environmental temperature.
Synthesis of Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin.
Ultraviolet rays from the sun
7-dehydrocholesterol
Cholecaciferol (vit D3)
Liver
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
Kidney
1,25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
Specialized Cells in the Subcutan
They are involved in the processing of
foreign antigen / micro organisms that
traumatically introduced into skin:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Histiocytes,
Plasma cells,
Lymphocytes,
Mast cells.
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