24 Lect Modified

THIRD EDITION
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
Chapter 24
The Immune System
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
Anatomy & function of immune system, organs, &

cells
How the body defends itself
Non-specific body defenses
Specific defenses that target one pathogen
Combined defenses against bacteria and viruses
Allergies and autoimmune problems
Immune System Functions: Overview of Defenses
Scavenge dead, dying or abnormal (cancerous)

body cells
Protect from pathogens & foreign molecules
Parasites
Bacteria
Viruses
Immune System Functions: Overview of Defenses
Figure 24-1: Viruses

HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Life Cycle
Infectious Causes of Gastroenteritis.
Bok K, Green KY. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2126-2132.
Genomic Organization and Atomic Structure of the Norovirus Capsid .
Bok K, Green KY. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2126-2132.
Body Defenses: Overview

Physical barriers: skin & epithelial linings & cilia
Chemical: acids, mucous & lysozymes
Immune defenses internal
Innate, non-specific, immediate response
(min/hrs)
Acquired attack a specific pathogen (antigen)
Steps in Immune defense
Detect invader/foreign cells
Communicate alarm & recruit immune cells
Suppress or destroy invader
Lymphatic System:
Overview of Immune Defense Organs & Cells
Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymph vessels
Leukocytes:
(white blood cells WBCs)
Lymphatic System:
Overview of Immune Defense Organs & Cells
Figure 24-2 ab: Anatomy of the immune system
Key Cells & Overview of their Function in Immune

Defense
Lymphocytes: helper, plasma, cytotoxic & natural
killer (NK)
Basophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Key Cells & Overview of their Function in Immune

Defense
Figure 24-4: Cells of the immune system
Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation
Physical & chemical barriers

Phagocytosis: macrophages, neutrophils, NK
cells
Engulf and digest recognized "foreign" cells
molecules
Inflammatory response
Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation
Figure 24-6: Phagocytosis

Cells of the Innate Immune System
The Innate Leukocytes include:

Natural killer cells
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Phagocytic cells: including macrophages,
neutrophils and dendritic cells, and
All these cells function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection
Chemical factors produced during inflammation
Histamine
Bradykinin
Serotonin
sensitize pain receptors, cause vasodilation of the

blood vessels at the scene, and attract
phagocytes, especially neutrophils
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation
Histamines: from mast cells swelling, edema,

b. v . dilation
Interleukins: fever, b.v. gaps WBC's &
proteins infection
Bradykinin: pain & swelling
Membrane attack complex proteins
Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation
Figure 24-8: Membrane attack complex

Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses
Activate T lymphocytes: direct attack

Activate B lymphocytes to become:
Memory cells: 20 immune response to that
antigen
Plasma cells: antibodies attack that antigen
Antigen Presentation to Immature T Cells
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or

"helper" CD4+ cells. Cytotoxic cells directly attack other cells carrying certain foreign or
abnormal molecules on their surfaces. Helper T cells, or Th cells, coordinate immune
responses by communicating with other cells. In most cases, T cells only recognize an
antigen if it is carried on the surface of a cell by one of the bodys own MHC, or major
histocompatibility complex, molecules.
T Cell Dependent B Cell Activation
A TH2 cell (left), B cell (right), and several

interaction molecules
B Cell Activation
Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses
Figure 24-13: Functions of antibodies
The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System
Essential to immune function: HLA

molecules present peptide antigens to the
immune system (T-cells)
Important for self versus non-self
distinction
HLA Class I Monitors Inside of the Cell
Tapasin
CR
CN
Dr. Brian Freed
HLA Class II Monitors Outside of Cell

Peptides
Extracellular
Proteins
DM
monitors
peptide
specificity
for DR
DM
Dr. Brian Freed
HLA Class I and II Molecules Have a Distinct Structure and Function

Binds 8-10mers
Expressed on most
Nucleated cells
Presents Cytosolic
Proteins to CD8+ T cells
Binds 13-25mers
Expressed on APCs,
Macs, B cells, activated
T cells
Presents Vesicular
Proteins to CD4+ T cells
2 3
Class I
Class II
BDC
T cell Recognition of Antigen on an APC

Antigen
Endocytosis
+
CD4
CD4+
TT cell
cell
APC
TCell
Receptor
Peptide
MHCII
Antigenpresenting cells (APCs):

monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asTeaching
Benjamin Cummings
slides:
www.barbaradaviscenter.com
Humoral
Versus
Cellular
Immune
Response
Class I (1.1 Mb)
Class III (0.7 Mb)
Class II (2.2 Mb)
Complement
& cytokines
Gene
low high resolution typing

subtype=01
Allele:
Haplotype:
Genotype:
HLADRB1*0401
HLADRB1*0401
HLADQB1*0302
HLADRB1*0301
HLADQB1*0201
DRB1*02
HLADRB1*04
HLADQB1*0302
J. Noble
T Lymphocytes: Cell Mediated Immunity
T cell receptors: cell activated to antigen

Major histocompatability complex (MHC)
Helper T cells:
Cytotoxic T cells: perforins, granzymes,
(apoptosis) & Fas
Defenses against Bacteria: Complement P Activates:
Make membrane attack complex kill bacteria

Inflammation: + recruit phagocytes, B & T
lymphocytes
(Acquired response antibodies, cytotoxic
Ts if needed)
T Lymphocytes: Cell Mediated Immunity
Figure 24-16: T lymphocytes and NK cells

Antigen Presentation
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or

"helper" CD4+ cells. Cytotoxic cells directly attack other cells carrying certain foreign or
abnormal molecules on their surfaces. Helper T cells, or Th cells, coordinate immune
responses by communicating with other cells. In most cases, T cells only recognize an
antigen if it is carried on the surface of a cell by one of the bodys own MHC, or major
histocompatibility complex, molecules.
Defenses against Bacteria: Complement P Activates
Figure 24-17: Immune responses to bacteria
Viral Defense:
Summary of Innate & Acquired Responses
Circulating antibodies inactivate or target virus

(opsins)
Macrophage inflammation, interferon, cell
activation
Helper, cytotoxic T, NK & B cells
plasma c. antibodies
Viral Defense:
Summary of Innate & Acquired Responses
Figure 24-18: Immune responses to viruses
Allergic Response:
Inflammation Reaction to Non-pathogen
First exposure: sensitization
Activation
Clone B cells
Form antibodies
Memory cells
Re-exposure
Many antibodies
Activated Ts
Intensified
Inflammation
Allergic Response:
Inflammation Reaction to Non-pathogen
Figure 24-19: Allergic responses
Blood Types:
Like Antibodies & antigens will agglutinate
Antigens on RBCs (A, B, AB or none = O)

Antibodies in plasma (anti A, anti B, anti AB)
Rh antigens & antibodies
Although there are over 600 known red blood cell

antigens organized into 22 blood group systems,
routine blood typing is usually concerned with
only two systems: the ABO and Rh blood group
systems. Antibody screening helps to identify
antibodies against several other groups of red
blood cell antigens.
Some of the other groups are the Duffy, Kell, Kidd,
MNS, and P systems
Blood Types:
Like Antibodies & antigens will agglutinate
Figure 24-20a: ABO blood groups
Autoimmune Diseases: Failure of Self-Tolerance

Type I diabetes mellitus immune system attacks
- cells
Graves disease antibodies mimic TSH
hyperthyroidism
Multiple Sclerosis autoimmine attack on myelin
nerve sheath
Rheumatoid arthritis autoimmune attack on
joint cartilage
Myasthenia gravis ACh-receptors at endplate
attacked by immune system
Interaction of Nervous, Endocrine & Immune

Systems
Much yet to understand
Neuroimmunomodulation
All three share some:
Signal molecules
Receptors
Overlapping responses
Fight or flight
Chronic stress
Interaction of Nervous, Endocrine & Immune

Systems
Figure 24-21: Model for interaction between nervous, endocrine, and immune systems
Summary
Body defends itself with barriers, chemicals &

immune responses
WBCs and relatives conduct direct cellular attack:
phagocytosis, activated NK & cytotoxic T cells and
produce attack proteins (i.e. antibodies,
complement, & membrane attack complex)
Summary
Cytokines, communicate cell activation,

recruitment, swelling, pain, & fever in the
inflammation response
Defense against bacteria is mostly innate while
viral defense relies more on acquired immune
responses
Autoimmune diseases are a failure of selftolerance

24 Lect Modified

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

24 Lect Modified

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THIRD EDITION

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

About this Chapter

Anatomy & function of immune system, organs, &

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Immune System Functions: Overview of Defenses

Scavenge dead, dying or abnormal (cancerous)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Immune System Functions: Overview of Defenses

Figure 24-1: Viruses

HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Infectious Causes of Gastroenteritis.

Bok K, Green KY. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2126-2132.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Genomic Organization and Atomic Structure of the Norovirus Capsid .

Bok K, Green KY. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2126-2132.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Defenses: Overview

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 24-2 ab: Anatomy of the immune system

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Key Cells & Overview of their Function in Immune

Key Cells & Overview of their Function in Immune

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 24-4: Cells of the immune system

Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation

Physical & chemical barriers

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation

Figure 24-6: Phagocytosis

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells of the Innate Immune System

The Innate Leukocytes include:

Chemical factors produced during inflammation

sensitize pain receptors, cause vasodilation of the

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation

Histamines: from mast cells swelling, edema,

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation

Figure 24-8: Membrane attack complex

Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses

Activate T lymphocytes: direct attack

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Antigen Presentation to Immature T Cells

Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

T Cell Dependent B Cell Activation

A TH2 cell (left), B cell (right), and several