Electric Machines (EEE-371)

Instructor
Fahd Ali Shifa
Lecturer
EE-department
Email: fahd.shifa@comsats.edu.pk ; Office no: 129

Pre-semester announcements

Attendance is mandatory. Responsibility lies solely with the student

All important announcements will be made in class

Talking is not allowed in the middle of a lecture

Quizzes may be announced or surprise

During the lecture

Students will sit according to their role numbers

Cheating will result in cancellation of quiz and zero marks

Copied assignments will result in zero marks

Assignments must be to the point

Deadline is absolute

No extensions will be provided for any reasons whatsoever

Course topics
Introduction to Electric Machinery Fundamental Principles
Transformers (Power, Instrument, Auto)
DC Machinery Fundamentals
Dc Machine as a Motor
DC Machine as a Generator

AC Machinery Fundamentals
Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Motor
Induction Motor
Special Purpose Motors.

Textbook(s)

Stephen J Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, 5thEdition

Helping Books

P C Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics

B.L. Theraja, A textbook of Electrical Technology

Course learning outcomes

Learning theory and laws of electromagnetism and electro-mechanical

energy conversion (transformer action, generator action and motor action).

Learning Transformers: The purpose, types, construction, equivalent circuits

(both real and ideal models); both single & three phase.

Learning AC/DC machinery fundamentals: voltage induction in rotating

loops, induced torques, commutation, armature reaction, power flow
diagrams and losses, rotating magnetic field and its reversal in AC.

Learning DC motors and DC generators: Equivalent circuits, different

configurations (shunt, series and compounded) and voltage build up. Brief
coverage of AC (Synchronous) generators.

Performing testing of electro-mechanical devices and investigating

practically the operation of electric machines (Lab).

Assessment plan
Theory

Quizzes(4)
Homework assignments
2 Sessional exams (in class, 60-80 minutes
each, 10%+15%)
Terminal exam (3 hours)
Total (theory)

Lab work

Lab reports (12)

2 Lab sessionals
Lab project and terminal exam

Final
marks

Theory marks * 0.75 + Lab marks * 0.25

Total (lab)

15%
10%
25%
50%
100%
25%
25%
50%
100%

Introduction to Machinery
Principles

What is an electric machine?

A device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical energy

or electrical energy to mechanical energy

Mechanical to electrical Generator

Electrical to mechanical Motor

Any electric machine can act as both a generator and motor

Notation

Bold and regular font style for vectors

Italic font style for scalars

Special font used for magnetic quantities

Counter clock-wise angle considered positive and vice versa

Representations Angular position

and angular velocity (shaft speed)

is used to represent angular position in degrees or radians

is used to represent angular velocity in radians per second

Shaft speed is represented by multiple notations since there are many

different units for this important quantity

Angular velocity expressed in radians per second by m

Angular velocity expressed in revolutions per second by fm

Angular velocity expressed in revolutions per minute by nm

Subscript m refers to mechanical quantity

nm = 60fm

Torque

Loosely

called twisting force

Force affects the acceleration of an object in

translational motion
More the force applied higher the acceleration produced
F = ma (where, f is force in N, m is mass in kg, and a is
acceleration in m/s2

Torque affects the rotational/angular acceleration of

an object in rotation
Higher the torque applied greater the angular acceleration

(where, is torque in N-m, J is moment of inertia in kg-m 2,

and is angular acceleration in rad/s2

Work and power

In translational systems, it is the application of force through a distance

W = Fr

In rotational systems, it is the application of torque through an angle

W =

Rate of doing work is called power. It is defined as:

For translational systems,

For rotational systems,

Magnetic lines of forces - Properties

1. Sources
They are produced by moving charges
They are produced due to alignment of dipoles having spins in the same direction

2. Direction

They move from north to south outside the magnet and south to north inside the magnet

3. Uniformity

Each of them are of equal strength (Magnetic field is uniformly distributed in a plane)

They never intersect each other

4. Movement

They travel at, c, the speed of light

They are constantly moving

5. Interaction
They are responsive to all magnetic fields

Magnetic field Basic principles

A current carrying wire produces a magnetic field in
area around it
Used in instruments for current detection and measurements

A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the

coil through which it is passing (transformer action)
A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
experiences a force on it (motor action)
A voltage is induced in a conductor moving through a
magnetic field (generator action)


Permeability
( and relative
permeability ()
Permeability
is the measure of ability of a material to support the formation of

magnetic field inside it

Permeability of free space is represented by symbol and it is a universal

constant with a value of

Represented by symbol

Permeability of air is same as permeability of free space

Relative permeability is permeability of any other material compared with

permeability of free space

Represented by symbol where,

It is a unit less quantity

For example, relative permeability of steel lies in the range 2000-6000

Means flux passing through steel will be 2000-6000 times more than the flux passing
through air

Difference between H and B

H is the sole effort of the current Inet for the production of
magnetic field
B is the combined effort of the current and the core for the
production of magnetic field, known as magnetic flux density
B = H (where, is in H/m and H is in A/m)
B is measure in Tesla or Gauss with 1Tesla (T) = 10,000 Gauss (G)
Sometimes, also measured in Wb/m2
Reference:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfield.html

Amperes law

Where, H is the magnetic field

intensity produced by current Inet
and dl is a differential length
segment along the path of
integration

For the figure

Inet = Ni

Total magnetic flux,

Total magnetic flux is given by

If B is perpendicular to the plane of area A then

Where, A is the area of cross-section of the core

Units for are easily calculated i.e., (N/Am)(m2) = Nm/A or Weber (Wb)

Magnetic circuits
In electric circuits, Ohms law is defined as , V = IR
Some analogies between electric and magnetic circuits
Electromotive force, emf (V) Magneto motive force, mmf (F = Ni)
Positive end is where the flux exits and negative end is where the flux reenters
Right hand rule (modified): If the fingers of right hand curl in the direction
of the current through a coil then the thumb points to the direction of
+ve mmf

Resistance, R Reluctance,

Current, I Flux,

Therefore, in magnetic circuits, ohms law is re-defined as,

R

F=

Magnetic circuits (Contd)

Magnetic analog of conductance is permeance, P = 1/R

So that , = FP
Reluctance of core can be found as
F
Where, F = Ni
Reluctance, R = l/A (comparing with = FP)
Reluctances in series, Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +
Reluctances in parallel, 1/Req =1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +

A note on calculations performed

based on magnetic circuit concepts

Are always approximations

Acquired results are within 5% of actual values

Reasons
1. Leakage flux
Permeability of steel is 2000-6000 times that of air but still a fraction of flux leaks
into air

2. Calculation of reluctance assumes a mean path length, lc, and cross-section

area, A, which are not accurate around corners
3. Permeability varies with the amount of flux in the core (in our formulas, it is
assumed to be constant)
4. Airgaps in the path of flux introduce fringing effect, which increases the
cross-section area around these airgaps

Examples
Magnetic Circuits

Example 1-1 Available data

Given

Depth = 10cm

N = 200 turns

I = 1A

Required

= 2500

=?

Formulas Used

R = l/A

Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +

= F/R

Example 1-1 Solution

Core is divided into two regions

Region 1 with mean length, l1, = (7.5+30+7.5)cm = 45cm = 0.45m

Region 2 with mean length, l2, = (5+30+15+30+15+30+5)cm = 130cm = 1.3m

Reluctance calculations

R1 = l1/A1 = 0.45/(2500 x 4 x 10-7 x (0.1 x 0.1)) = 14323.94 A.turns/Wb

R2 = l2/A2 = 1.3/(2500 x 4 x 10-7 x (0.15 x 0.1)) = 27586.86 A.turns/Wb

Req = R1+ R2 = (14323.94+27586.86)A.turns/Wb = 41910.80 A.turns/Wb

Flux calculation

Magneto motive force, F = Ni = 200 x 1A.turns = 200A.turns

Therefore, total flux, = F/R = 200/41910.80 Wb = 0.00477 Wb (Solution)

Example 1-2 Available data

Given

l = 40cm = 0.4m

A = 12cm2 = 0.0012m2

lag = 0.05cm = 0.0005m

N = 400 turns

Aag = 1.05 x A = 12.6cm 2 = 0.00126m2

Required

Req = ?

Current needed to produce 0.5T = ?

Formulas used

R = l/A

Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +

i = BAR/N (From = F/R, = BA and F = Ni)

Example 1-2 Solution

Reluctance calculations

R1 = l/A = 0.4/(4000 x 4 x 10-7 x 0.0012) = 66314.56 A.turns/Wb

Rag = l2/0Aag = 0.0005/(4 x 10-7 x 0.00126) = 315783.62 A.turns/Wb

Req = R1+ Rag = (66314.56+315783.62)A.turns/Wb = 382098.18

A.turns/Wb (Sol A)

Current calculation

i = BAReq/N = (0.5 x 0.00126 x 382098.18)/400 A = 0.602A (Sol B)

Example 1-3 Available data

Given

ls = 50cm = 0.5m

As, Ar = 12cm2 = 0.0012m2

lr = 5cm = 0.05m

lag = (0.05+0.05)cm = 0.001m

Aag = 14cm2 = 0.0014m2

N = 200 turns

Current, i = 1A

Required

Bag = ?

Formulas used

R = l/A

Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +

B = F/RA (From = F/R and = BA)

Example 1-2 Solution

Reluctance calculations

Rs = ls/As = 0.5/(2000 x 4 x 10-7 x 0.0012) = 165786.40A.turns/Wb

Rag = lag/0Aag = 0.001/(4 x 10-7 x 0.0014) = 568410.51A.turns/Wb

Rr = lr/Ar = 0.05/(2000 x 4 x 10-7 x 0.0012) = 16578.64A.turns/Wb

Req = Rs+Rag+Rr = (165786.40+568410.51+16578.64)A.turns/Wb =

750775.55A.turns/Wb

B calculation

B = F/RA = Ni/ReqAag = (200x1)/(750775.55x0.0014) Wb/m2 = 0.19T (Solution)

Numerical Exercise

Revision: P1-1P1-4
P:1-5 1-8