Electric Machines (EEE-371)

Instructor
Fahd Ali Shifa
Lecturer
EE-department
Email: fahd.shifa@comsats.edu.pk ; Office no: 129
Pre-semester announcements

Attendance is mandatory. Responsibility lies solely with the student

All important announcements will be made in class
Talking is not allowed in the middle of a lecture
Quizzes may be announced or surprise
During the lecture
Students will sit according to their role numbers
Cheating will result in cancellation of quiz and zero marks
Copied assignments will result in zero marks
Assignments must be to the point
Deadline is absolute
No extensions will be provided for any reasons whatsoever
Course topics

Introduction to Electric Machinery Fundamental Principles

Transformers (Power, Instrument, Auto)
DC Machinery Fundamentals
Dc Machine as a Motor
DC Machine as a Generator
AC Machinery Fundamentals
Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Motor
Induction Motor
Special Purpose Motors.
Textbook(s)

Stephen J Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, 5thEdition

Helping Books
P C Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics
B.L. Theraja, A textbook of Electrical Technology
Course learning outcomes

Learning theory and laws of electromagnetism and electro-mechanical

energy conversion (transformer action, generator action and motor action).
Learning Transformers: The purpose, types, construction, equivalent circuits
(both real and ideal models); both single & three phase.
Learning AC/DC machinery fundamentals: voltage induction in rotating
loops, induced torques, commutation, armature reaction, power flow
diagrams and losses, rotating magnetic field and its reversal in AC.
Learning DC motors and DC generators: Equivalent circuits, different
configurations (shunt, series and compounded) and voltage build up. Brief
coverage of AC (Synchronous) generators.
Performing testing of electro-mechanical devices and investigating
practically the operation of electric machines (Lab).
Assessment plan
Theory Quizzes(4) 15%
Homework assignments 10%
2 Sessional exams (in class, 60-80 minutes 25%
each, 10%+15%)
Terminal exam (3 hours) 50%
Total (theory) 100%
Lab work Lab reports (12) 25%
2 Lab sessionals 25%
Lab project and terminal exam 50%
Total (lab) 100%
Final Theory marks * 0.75 + Lab marks * 0.25
marks
Introduction to Machinery
Principles
What is an electric machine?

A device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical energy

or electrical energy to mechanical energy
Mechanical to electrical Generator
Electrical to mechanical Motor
Any electric machine can act as both a generator and motor
Notation
Bold and regular font style for vectors
Italic font style for scalars
Special font used for magnetic quantities
Counter clock-wise angle considered positive and vice versa
Representations Angular position
and angular velocity (shaft speed)
is used to represent angular position in degrees or radians
is used to represent angular velocity in radians per second
Shaft speed is represented by multiple notations since there are many
different units for this important quantity
Angular velocity expressed in radians per second by m
Angular velocity expressed in revolutions per second by fm
Angular velocity expressed in revolutions per minute by nm
Subscript m refers to mechanical quantity

nm = 60fm
Torque
Loosely called twisting force
Force affects the acceleration of an object in
translational motion
More the force applied higher the acceleration produced
F = ma (where, f is force in N, m is mass in kg, and a is
acceleration in m/s2
Torque affects the rotational/angular acceleration of
an object in rotation
Higher the torque applied greater the angular acceleration
(where, is torque in N-m, J is moment of inertia in kg-m 2,
and is angular acceleration in rad/s2
Work and power
In translational systems, it is the application of force through a distance
W = Fr
In rotational systems, it is the application of torque through an angle
W =
Rate of doing work is called power. It is defined as:

For translational systems,

For rotational systems,

Magnetic lines of forces - Properties
1. Sources
They are produced by moving charges
They are produced due to alignment of dipoles having spins in the same direction

2. Direction
They move from north to south outside the magnet and south to north inside the magnet

3. Uniformity
Each of them are of equal strength (Magnetic field is uniformly distributed in a plane)
They never intersect each other

4. Movement
They travel at, c, the speed of light
They are constantly moving

5. Interaction
They are responsive to all magnetic fields
Magnetic field Basic principles

A current carrying wire produces a magnetic field in

area around it
Used in instruments for current detection and measurements
A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the
coil through which it is passing (transformer action)
A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
experiences a force on it (motor action)
A voltage is induced in a conductor moving through a
magnetic field (generator action)

Permeability ( and relative
permeability ()
Permeability
is the measure of ability of a material to support the formation of
magnetic field inside it
Represented by symbol
Permeability of free space is represented by symbol and it is a universal
constant with a value of
Permeability of air is same as permeability of free space
Relative permeability is permeability of any other material compared with
permeability of free space
Represented by symbol where,
It is a unit less quantity
For example, relative permeability of steel lies in the range 2000-6000
Means flux passing through steel will be 2000-6000 times more than the flux passing
through air
Difference between H and B

H is the sole effort of the current Inet for the production of

magnetic field
B is the combined effort of the current and the core for the
production of magnetic field, known as magnetic flux density
B = H (where, is in H/m and H is in A/m)
B is measure in Tesla or Gauss with 1Tesla (T) = 10,000 Gauss (G)
Sometimes, also measured in Wb/m2
Reference:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfield.html
Amperes law

Where, H is the magnetic field
intensity produced by current Inet
and dl is a differential length
segment along the path of
integration
For the figure
Inet = Ni
Total magnetic flux,

Total magnetic flux is given by

If B is perpendicular to the plane of area A then

Where, A is the area of cross-section of the core

Units for are easily calculated i.e., (N/Am)(m 2) = Nm/A or Weber (Wb)
Magnetic circuits
In electric circuits, Ohms law is defined as , V = IR
Some analogies between electric and magnetic circuits
Electromotive force, emf (V) Magneto motive force, mmf (F = Ni)
Positive end is where the flux exits and negative end is where the flux re-
enters
Right hand rule (modified): If the fingers of right hand curl in the direction
of the current through a coil then the thumb points to the direction of
+ve mmf

Resistance, R Reluctance, R
Current, I Flux,
Therefore, in magnetic circuits, ohms law is re-defined as, F=
R
Magnetic circuits (Contd)

Magnetic analog of conductance is permeance, P = 1/R

So that , = FP
Reluctance of core can be found as
F
Where, F = Ni
Reluctance, R = l/A (comparing with = FP)
Reluctances in series, Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +
Reluctances in parallel, 1/Req =1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +
A note on calculations performed
based on magnetic circuit concepts
Are always approximations
Acquired results are within 5% of actual values
Reasons
1. Leakage flux
Permeability of steel is 2000-6000 times that of air but still a fraction of flux leaks
into air

2. Calculation of reluctance assumes a mean path length, lc, and cross-section

area, A, which are not accurate around corners
3. Permeability varies with the amount of flux in the core (in our formulas, it is
assumed to be constant)
4. Airgaps in the path of flux introduce fringing effect, which increases the
cross-section area around these airgaps
Examples
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1-1 Available data
Given
Depth = 10cm
N = 200 turns
= 2500
I = 1A
Required
=?
Formulas Used

R = l/A
Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +
= F/R
Example 1-1 Solution

Core is divided into two regions

Region 1 with mean length, l1, = (7.5+30+7.5)cm = 45cm = 0.45m
Region 2 with mean length, l2, = (5+30+15+30+15+30+5)cm = 130cm = 1.3m
Reluctance calculations
R1 = l1/A1 = 0.45/(2500 x 4 x 10-7 x (0.1 x 0.1)) = 14323.94 A.turns/Wb
R2 = l2/A2 = 1.3/(2500 x 4 x 10-7 x (0.15 x 0.1)) = 27586.86 A.turns/Wb
Req = R1+ R2 = (14323.94+27586.86)A.turns/Wb = 41910.80 A.turns/Wb
Flux calculation
Magneto motive force, F = Ni = 200 x 1A.turns = 200A.turns
Therefore, total flux, = F/R = 200/41910.80 Wb = 0.00477 Wb (Solution)
 Example 1-2 Available data
Given

l = 40cm = 0.4m
A = 12cm2 = 0.0012m2
lag = 0.05cm = 0.0005m

N = 400 turns
Aag = 1.05 x A = 12.6cm 2 = 0.00126m2
Required
Req = ?
Current needed to produce 0.5T = ?
Formulas used

R = l/A
Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +
i = BAR/N (From = F/R, = BA and F = Ni)
Example 1-2 Solution

Reluctance calculations
R1 = l/A = 0.4/(4000 x 4 x 10-7 x 0.0012) = 66314.56 A.turns/Wb
Rag = l2/0Aag = 0.0005/(4 x 10-7 x 0.00126) = 315783.62 A.turns/Wb
Req = R1+ Rag = (66314.56+315783.62)A.turns/Wb = 382098.18
A.turns/Wb (Sol A)
Current calculation
i = BAReq/N = (0.5 x 0.00126 x 382098.18)/400 A = 0.602A (Sol B)
 Example 1-3 Available data
Given

ls = 50cm = 0.5m
As, Ar = 12cm2 = 0.0012m2
lr = 5cm = 0.05m
lag = (0.05+0.05)cm = 0.001m
Aag = 14cm2 = 0.0014m2

N = 200 turns
Current, i = 1A
Required
Bag = ?
Formulas used

R = l/A
Req =R1 + R2 + R3 +
B = F/RA (From = F/R and = BA)
 Example 1-2 Solution

Reluctance calculations
Rs = ls/As = 0.5/(2000 x 4 x 10-7 x 0.0012) = 165786.40A.turns/Wb
Rag = lag/0Aag = 0.001/(4 x 10-7 x 0.0014) = 568410.51A.turns/Wb
Rr = lr/Ar = 0.05/(2000 x 4 x 10-7 x 0.0012) = 16578.64A.turns/Wb
Req = Rs+Rag+Rr = (165786.40+568410.51+16578.64)A.turns/Wb =
750775.55A.turns/Wb
B calculation
B = F/RA = Ni/ReqAag = (200x1)/(750775.55x0.0014) Wb/m2 = 0.19T (Solution)
Numerical Exercise

Revision: P1-1P1-4
P:1-5 1-8