Faraday’s Law

 If the flux linking a loop (or turn) varies as

a function of time, a voltage is induced
between its terminals.
 The value of the induced voltage is
proportional to the rate of change of flux.

EN
Where: t
E = induced voltage [V]
N = number of turns in the coil
 = change of flux inside the coil [Wb]
t = time interval of the flux changes [s]
Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 1
 Faraday’s Law
 Example:
A coil of 2000 turns surrounds a flux of 5 mWb
produced. by a permanent magnet.The magnet is
suddenly withdrawn causing the flux inside the coil
to drop uniformly to 2 mWb in 1/10s. What is the
induced voltage?
  (5mWb  2mWb)  3mWb

EN
t
3 10 3
 2000
1 / 10
 60V
Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 2
 Voltage Induced in a
Conductor
 It is often easier to calculate the
induced voltage on a segment of
conductor instead of the voltage on a
coil
E=Blv
 Where:
  E = induced voltage [V]
B = flux density [T]
l = active length of conductor in the
magnetic field [m]
v = relative speed of the conductor
[m/s]
Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 3
 Voltage Induced in a
 Example:
Conductor
A stationary conductor of a large generator
have an active length of 2m and are cut by a
field of 0.6 teslas, moving at a speed of
100m/s. Calculate the voltage induced in each
conductor.
E = Blv
E = 0.6 x 2 x 100
E = 120 V

Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 4

 Lorentz Force on a
 A current-carrying conductor sees a force when
Conductor
placed in a magnetic field
• Fundamental principle for the operation of
motors.
• The magnitude of the force depends upon
orientation of the conductor with respect to the
direction of the field.
• Force is greatest when the conductor is
perpendicular to the field.
 The Lorentz or electromagnetic force:
F = B l I Sin
Where:F = force acting on the conductor [N]
B = flux density [T]
l = active length of conductor in the magnetic
field[m]
Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 5
 Lorentz Force on a
 Example:
Conductor
A conductor 3 m long is
carrying a current of 200 A
and is placed in a
magnetic field with a
density of 0.5 T. Calculate
the force on the conductor
if it is perpendicular to the
lines of flux.
F = B l I Sin
= 0.5  3  200  Sin 90 o

= 300 N

Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 6

 Direction of Force on
 Current carrying conductor
Conductor
is surrounded by a
magnetic field.
 The flux lines of two
magnetic fields never
cross each other.
 The flux lines of two
magnet fields are
vectorally added.
 The generated mechanical
 Right forcehand
tendsrule
to push the
 lines
Pointof flux back
fingers to an
in the
even distribution.
direction of current flow
(+ve to - ve).
 Bend fingers into the
direction of the magnetic
field (N to S).
Lecture 02 Electro Mechanical System 7
 Thumb points in the