Electrical Principles

[ EV101 ]
Lecture
#6

AC Circuit Analysis

Fahri
Fahri Heltha
Heltha
School
School Of
Of Engineering
Engineering
1

Lecture Outline

Review Mathematical Background.

Time vs Frequency Domains.
Impedance and Its Combinations.
Delta-Y and Y-Delta.
AC Power Analysis.
Transformers (Introduction)

Studied in EV 101 Electrical Principles

Basic AC Theory
-Mathematical
BackgroundSinusoid voltage and
current :
v(t ) V sin(t )
m

i (t ) I m cos(t )

Phasors :
A phasor is a complex number that represents
the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
Sinusoids are easily expresses in terms of
phasors, which are more convenient to work
with than sine and cosine functions.

Basic AC Theory
-Mathematical
BackgroundSinusoi
v(t ) dVm sin(t )
based on
Complex number
theory

Rectangular
form

V Vx jV y

Polar form

V Vm

Exponential
form
V Vm e j

Basic AC Theory
-Mathematical
Background-

Example
:
Find the amplitude, phase, period, and
frequency of the vsinusoid:
(t ) 12 cos(50t 10o )
Transform the sinusoid to the phasor,
exponential and rectangular forms.
Solutio
n,
The amplitude Vm 12V The phase
is
is
The angular frequency 50rad / s
is
2 2
T

0.1257 s
The

50
period

10o

Basic AC Theory
-Mathematical
Background1
f
7.958 Hz
The frequency
T
is
The phasor form: V Vm 1210 volts
The exponential
form:
The rectangular
form:

V Vm e

12e

j10

V Vx jV y

Vx Vm cos 12 cos 10

V y Vm sin 12 sin 10

Basic AC Theory
-Mathematical
BackgroundExample
<will be given in the
:
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Time domain vs Frequency domainElements

t-domain

f-domain

v Ri

V RI

di
vL
dt

V jLI

dv
iC
dt

I
V
jC

Basic AC Theory
Example
:
<will be given in the
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Impedance-

Z R jX

R : Re Z

Resistanc
e
Reactance

X : Im Z

Plotting
in complex
plane??

R Z cos
X Z sin
Z

Z Z

R2 X 2

tan

X
R

Basic AC Theory
-ImpedanceElements

Impedance

ZR R

Z L j L
1
ZC
jC

Basic AC Theory
-ImpedanceExample
<will be given in the
:
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Impedance Combinations-

Z eq Z1 Z 2 Z N

Basic AC Theory
-Impedance Combinations-

Basic AC Theory
-Impedance
CombinationExample
<will be given in the
:
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Delta-Star and StarDelta-

Basic AC Theory
-Delta-Star and StarDeltaExample
<will be given in the
:
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-AC Power
AnalysisPower is the most important quantity in
electric utilities, electronic, and
communication systems, because such
systems involve transmission of power
i (t )
from one point to another.
Sinusoida
l
source

_ v(t )

Passive
Linear
Network

The instantaneous power (in watts) is the

power at any instant of time.

p (t ) v(t )i (t )

Basic AC Theory
-AC Power
AnalysisThe average power (in watts) is the
average of instantaneous power over one
period.
T

1
P
T

The instantaneous
power
changes with time.

p(t )dt
0

Difficult to
measure

The average power is

more
convenient to measure.

Basic AC Theory
-AC PowerExample
<will be given in the
:
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Maximum Average Power
Transfer-

Z L RL jX L RTh jX Th Z Th
Example
:
<will be given in the
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Effective of RMS Value-

Vrms

Vm

I rms

Im
2

Similarly, the average power absorbed

by R:

PI

2
rms

2
rms

V
R
R

Example
:
<will be given in the
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Apparent Power and Power
Factor-

S Vrms I rms
P
pf cos( v i )
S
Example
:
<will be given in the
class>.

Basic AC Theory
-Complex Power -

1
S = I ( R jX ) P jQ = VI*
2
Vrms I rms v i
2
rms

Apparent
Power:
Real Power:

S S Vrms I rms P 2 Q 2

Reactive
Power:

Q Im(S) S sin( v i )

Power Factor:

P Re(S) S cos( v i )
P
pf
cos( v i )
S

Basic AC Theory
-Power Factor Correction Most demostic loads (such as washing
machines, air conditioners, and refrigerators)
and industrial loads (such as induction
motors) are inductive and operate at a low
lagging power factor. Although the inductive
nature of the load cannot be changed, we can
increase its power factor.

Power Factor:

P
pf cos( v i )
S

Basic AC Theory
-Power Factor Correction -

Basic AC Theory
-Power Factor Correction -

P S1 cos 1
Q1 S1 sin 1 P tan 1
Q2 P tan 2

2
Vrms
2
QC Q1 Q2 P(tan 1 tan 2 )
CVrms
XC

QC
P(tan 1 tan 2
C

2
2
Vrms
Vrms

2
2
2
Vrms
Vrms
Vrms
QL

L
X L L
Q L

Basic AC Theory
-Power Factor CorrectionExample and Applications:
<will be given in the
class>.

THE END

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