Chapters 2 & 3 Energy Balances

Work done by the system, W = - Force applied to the system, F x

or

W F x dx

Expansion/Contraction of a Closed System

WEC PAdx PdVForce leads to a change in volum

at constant pressure

Shaft Work for an Open System

out

WS V dP
in

Pump leads to a change in pressure

at constant volume
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Work Associated with Flow

Flow PV m
PV out m
out
W
in in

Lost Work
Viscosity Gradient (Pressure Gradients)
Temperature Gradient
Concentration Gradient
Friction (of a piston for instance)

Reversible Process
Viscosity Gradient (Pressure Gradients)
Temperature Gradient
Concentration Gradient
Friction (of a piston for instance)

Work is a path
function not a state
function

Steady-State Open System

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Open System

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General Equation for Open System

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Cocurrent
Countercurrent
Superheater

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10,12,14,15,16,17

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2.2, 2.4

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2.6

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7,8,12,13,15

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16,17,18,21,22

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2
3

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