Circuit Theorems

Chap. 4 Circuit Theorems

Introduction
Linearity property
Superposition
Source transformations
Thevenins theorem
Nortons theorem
Maximum power transfer

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4.1 Introduction
A large
complex circuits

Simplify
circuit analysis

Circuit Theorems
Thevenins theorem
Circuit linearity
source transformation
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Norton theorem
Superposition
max. power transfer
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4.2 Linearity Property

Homogeneity property (Scaling)

i v iR
ki kv kiR
Additivity property

i1 v1 i1 R
i2 v2 i2 R
i1 i2 (i1 i2 ) R i1 R i2 R v1 v2
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 A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly

related (or directly proportional) to its input
Fig. 4.1
i

I0

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V0

 Linear circuit consist of

linear elements
linear dependent sources
independent sources

vs 10V i 2A
vs 1V i 0.2A
vs 5mV i 1mA

v
p i R
: nonlinear
R
2

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Example 4.1
For the circuit in fig 4.2 find I0 when vs=12V
and vs=24V.

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Example 4.1
KVL
12i1 4i2 vs 0
4i1 16i2 3v x vs 0
v x 2i1

(4.1.1)
(4.1.2)

(4.1.2) becomes
10i1 16i2 vs 0

(4.1.3)

Eqs(4.1.1) and (4.1.3) we get

2i1 12i2 0 i1 6i2
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Example 4.1
Eq(4.1.1), we get

vs
76i2 vs 0 i2
76
When vs 12V
12
I 0 i2 A
76
When vs 24V
24
I 0 i2 A
76
Showing that when the source value is doubled, I0
doubles.
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Example 4.2
Assume I0 = 1 A and use linearity to find the
actual value of I0 in the circuit in fig 4.4.

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Example 4.2
If I 0 1A, then v1 (3 5) I 0 8V
I1 v1 / 4 2A, I 2 I1 I 0 3A
V2
V2 V1 2 I 2 8 6 14V, I 3 2A
7
I 4 I 3 I 2 5A I S 5A
I 0 1 A I S 5A
I 0 3A I S 15A
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4.3 Superposition
The superposition principle states that the
voltage across (or current through) an element
in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the
voltages across (or currents through) that
element due to each independent source acting
alone.
Turn off, killed, inactive source:
independent voltage source: 0 V (short circuit)
independent current source: 0 A (open circuit)

Dependent sources are left intact.

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Steps to apply superposition principle:

1. Turn off all independent sources except one
source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
to that active source using nodal or mesh
analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding
algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.

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How to turn off independent

sources
Turn off voltages sources = short voltage
sources; make it equal to zero voltage
Turn off current sources = open current
sources; make it equal to zero current

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 Superposition involves more work but simpler

circuits.
Superposition is not applicable to the effect on
power.

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Example 4.3
Use the superposition theorem to find in the
circuit in Fig.4.6.

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Example 4.3
Since there are two sources,
let V V1 V2
Voltage division to get
4
V1
( 6) 2 V
48

Current division, to get

8
i3
(3) 2A
48

Hence v2 4i3 8V
And we find
v v1 v2 2 8 10V
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Example 4.4
Find I0 in the circuit in Fig.4.9 using
superposition.

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Example 4.4

Fig. 4.10

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Example 4.4

Fig. 4.10

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4.5 Source Transformation

A source transformation is the process of
replacing a voltage source vs in series with a
resistor R by a current source is in parallel with
a resistor R, or vice versa

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Fig. 4.15 & 4.16

vs
vs is R or is
R

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Equivalent Circuits
i

i
+

v iR vs
-is

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vs

v vs
i
R R
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 Arrow of the current source

positive terminal of voltage source
Impossible source Transformation
ideal voltage source (R = 0)
ideal current source (R=)

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Example 4.6
Use source transformation to find vo in the
circuit in Fig 4.17.

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Example 4.6
Fig 4.18

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Example 4.6
we use current division in Fig.4.18(c) to get
2
i
(2) 0.4A
28
and

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vo 8i 8(0.4) 3.2V

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Example 4.7
Find vx in Fig.4.20 using source transformation

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Example 4.7

Applying KVL around the loop in Fig 4.21(b) gives

3 5i v x 18 0
(4.7.1)
Appling KVL to the loop containing only the 3V
voltage source, the 1 resistor, and vx yields

3 1i v x 0 v x 3 i

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(4.7.2)

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Example 4.7
Substituting this into Eq.(4.7.1), we obtain
15 5i 3 0 i 4.5A
Alternatively
v x 4i v x 18 0 i 4.5A
thus
v x 3 i 7.5V

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4.5 Thevenins Theorem

Thevenins theorem states that a linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor RTh where
VTh is the open circuit voltage at the terminals
and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at
the terminals when the independent source are
turn off.

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Property of Linear Circuits

i

i
Any two-terminal
Linear Circuits

+
v

Slope=1/Rth

v
Vth
Isc

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Fig. 4.23

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How to Find Thevenins Voltage

Equivalent circuit: same voltage-current
relation at the terminals.
VTh voc : open circuit voltage at a b

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How to Find Thevenins

Resistance
RTh Rin :
input resistance of the dead circuit at a b.
a b open circuited
Turn off all independent sources

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CASE 1
If the network has no dependent sources:
Turn off all independent source.
RTH: can be obtained via simplification of either
parallel or series connection seen from a-b

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Fig. 4.25
CASE 2
If the network has dependent
sources
Turn off all independent sources.
Apply a voltage source vo at a-b
vo
RTh
io

Alternatively, apply a current

source io at a-b RTh vo
io

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 The Thevenins resistance may be negative,

indicating that the circuit has ability providing
power

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Fig. 4.26
Simplified circuit
VTh
IL
RTh RL
RL
VL RL I L
VTh
RTh RL
Voltage divider
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Example 4.8
Find the Thevenins equivalent circuit of the circuit
shown in Fig 4.27, to the left of the terminals a-b.
Then find the current through RL = 6,16,and 36 .

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Find Rth
RTh : 32V voltage source short
2A current source open
4 12
RTh 4 || 12 1
1 4
16

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Find Vth
VTh :
(1) Mesh analysis
32 4i1 12(i1 i2 ) 0 , i2 2A
i1 0.5A
VTh 12(i1 i2 ) 12(0.5 2.0) 30V
(2) Alternatively, Nodal Analysis
(32 VTh ) / 4 2 VTh / 12
VTh 30V
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Example 4.8
(3) Alternatively, source transform
32 VTH
VTH
2
4
12
96 3VTH 24 VTH VTH 30V

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Fig. 4.29

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Example 4.8
To get iL :
VTh
30
iL

RTh RL 4 RL
RL 6 I L 30 / 10 3A
RL 16 I L 30 / 20 1.5A
RL 36 I L 30 / 40 0.75A

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Example 4.9
Find the Thevenins equivalent of the circuit in
Fig. 4.31 at terminals a-b.

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Example 4.9
(independent + dependent source case)
To find RTh : Fig(a)
independent source 0
dependent source intact
vo 1
vo 1V, RTh
io io

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Example 4.9
For loop 1,
2v x 2(i1 i2 ) 0 or v x i1 i2
But 4i v x i1 i2
i1 3i2

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Example 4.9
Loop 2 and 3 :
4i2 2(i2 i1 ) 6(i2 i3 ) 0
6(i3 i2 ) 2i3 1 0
Solving these equations gives
i3 1 / 6A.
1
But io i3 A
6
1V
RTh
6
io
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Example 4.9
To get VTh : Fig(b) Mesh analysis
i1 5
2v x 2(i3 i2 ) 0 v x i3 i2
4(i2 i1 ) 2(i2 i1 ) 6i2 0 12i2 4i1 2i3 0
But 4(i1 i2 ) v x
i2 10 / 3.
VTh voc 6i2 20V
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Example 4.10
Determine the Thevenins
equivalent circuit in
Fig.4.35(a).
Solution

(dependent source only case)

vo
RTh
VTh 0
io
Nodal anaysis :
io ix 2ix vo / 4

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Example 4.10
0

v
v
o
But ix
o
2
2
vo
vo vo
vo
io ix
or vo 4io
4
2 4
4
vo
Thus RTh 4 : Supplying power
io

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Example 4.10

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Example 4.10

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4.6 Nortons Theorem

Nortons theorem states that a linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source IN in
parallel with a resistor RN where IN is the
short-circuit current through the terminals and
RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent source are
turn off.

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Fig. 4.37
i

Slope=1/RN
v
Vth
-IN

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How to Find Norton Current

Thevenin and Norton
resistances are equal:
RN RTh
Short circuit current
from a to b :
VTh
I N isc
RTh

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Thevenin or Norton equivalent

circuit :
The open circuit voltage voc across terminals a
and b
The short circuit current isc at terminals a and b
The equivalent or input resistance Rin at
terminals a and bVwhen
all independent source
Th voc
are turn off.
IN isc

RTh
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VTh

RN
RTh
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Example 4.11
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the
circuit in Fig 4.39.

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Example 4.11
To find RN Fig 4.40(a ) :
RN 5 || (8 4 8)
20 5
5 || 20
4
25

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Example 4.11
To find iN (Fig.4.40(b))
short circuit terminals a and b .
Mesh : i1 2A, 20i2 4i1 i2 0
i2 1A isc IN

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Example 4.11
Alternative method for IN

VTh
IN
RTh
VTh : open circuit voltage across terminals a and b
( Fig 4.40(c)) :
Mesh analysis :
i 3 2 A, 25i 4 4i 3 12 0

i 4 0.8A
voc VTh 5i 4 4V

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Example 4.11
Hence,

VTh
IN
4 / 4 1A
RTh

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Example 4.12
Using Nortons theorem, find RN and IN of the
circuit in Fig 4.43 at terminals a-b.

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Example 4.12
To find RN Fig.4.44(a)
4 resistor shorted
5 || v || 2i : Parallel
o
x

Hence, ix vo / 5 1 / 5 0.2

vo
1
RN
5
io
0.2

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Example 4.12
To find I N

Fig .4.44(b)

4 ||10v || 5 || 2ix : Parallel

10 0
ix
2.5A,
4
10
isc ix 2 ix 2(2.5) 7 A
5
I N 7A

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4.8 Maximum Power Trandfer

VTH
p i RL
RL
RTH RL
2

Fig 4.48
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Fig. 4.49
Maximum power is transferred to the load
when the load resistance equals the Thevnin
resistance as seen the load (RL = RTH).

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dp
2 ( RTH RL ) 2 RL ( RTH RL )
VTH
4

dRL
(
R

R
)

TH
L
2

( RTH RL 2 RL )
V
0
3

( RTH RL )

2
TH

0 ( RTH RL 2 RL ) ( RTH RL )
RL RTH
pmax

VTH2

4 RTH

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Example 4.13
Find the value of RL for maximum power
transfer in the circuit of Fig. 4.50. Find the
maximum power.

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Example 4.13
RTH

6 12
2 3 6 12 5
9
18

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Example 4.13
12 18i1 12i2 , i2 2 A
12 6ii 1 3i2 2(0) VTH 0 VTH 22V
RL RTH 9
pmax

2
TH

V
22

13.44W
4 RL 4 9

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Homework Problems
Problems 6, 10, 21, 28, 33, 40, 47, 52, 71

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