Circuit Theorems

Circuit Theorems 1
 Chap. 4 Circuit Theorems

 Introduction
 Linearity property
 Superposition
 Source transformations
 Thevenin’s theorem
 Norton’s theorem
 Maximum power transfer

Circuit Theorems 2
 4.1 Introduction

A large Simplify
complex circuits circuit analysis

Circuit Theorems

‧Thevenin’s theorem ‧ Norton theorem

‧Circuit linearity ‧ Superposition
‧source transformation ‧ max. power transfer
Circuit Theorems 3
 4.2 Linearity Property

Homogeneity property (Scaling)

i  v  iR
ki  kv  kiR

Additivity property
i
1v
1i
1R
i
2v
2i
2R
i

i
1
2
(i
1i
)
R
2i
R
1 
i
R
2
v

1v
2

Circuit Theorems 4
 A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly
related (or directly proportional) to its input
 Fig. 4.1

I0

V0 v

Circuit Theorems 5
 Linear circuit consist of
● linear elements
vs  10V  i  2A
● linear dependent sources
vs  1V  i  0.2A
● independent sources
vs  5mV  i 1mA
 2
2v
p i R  : nonlinear
R

Circuit Theorems 6
 Example 4.1

 For the circuit in fig 4.2 find I0 when vs=12V and

vs=24V.

Circuit Theorems 7
 Example 4.1

 KVL

12i1  4i2  vs  0 (4.1.1)

 4i1  16i2  3vx  vs  0 (4.1.2)
vx  2i1
(4.1.2) becomes
 10i1  16i2  vs  0 (4.1.3)
Eqs(4.1.1) and (4.1.3) we get

2i1  12i2  0  i1  6i2

Circuit Theorems 8
 Example 4.1

Eq(4.1.1), we get
vs
 76i2  vs  0  i2 
76
When vs  12V
12
I 0  i2  A
76
vs  24V
When 24
I 0  i2  A
76
Showing that when the source value is doubled, I0
doubles.

Circuit Theorems 9
 4.3 Superposition

 The superposition principle states that the voltage

across (or current through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across
(or currents through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
 Turn off, killed, inactive source:
● independent voltage source: 0 V (short circuit)
● independent current source: 0 A (open circuit)
 Dependent sources are left intact.

Circuit Theorems 10
 Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.
Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active
source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all
the contributions due to the independent sources.

Circuit Theorems 11
 How to turn off independent sources
 Turn off voltages sources = short voltage sources;
make it equal to zero voltage
 Turn off current sources = open current sources;
make it equal to zero current

Circuit Theorems 12
 Superposition involves more work but simpler
circuits.
 Superposition is not applicable to the effect on
power.

Circuit Theorems 13
 Example 4.3

 Use the superposition theorem to find in the

circuit in Fig.4.6.

Circuit Theorems 14
 Example 4.3
Since there are two sources,
let V  V1  V2
Voltage division to get
4
V1  (6)  2V
Current division,4to 8get

8
i3  (3)  2A
Hence 48
v2  4i3  8V
And we find
v  v1  v2  2  8  10V
Circuit Theorems 15
 Example 4.4

 Find I0 in the circuit in Fig.4.9 using superposition.

Circuit Theorems 16
 Example 4.4

Fig. 4.10

Circuit Theorems 17
 Example 4.4

Fig. 4.10

Circuit Theorems 18
 4.5 Source Transformation

 A source transformation is the process of replacing

a voltage source vs in series with a resistor R by a
current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or
vice versa

Circuit Theorems 19
 Fig. 4.15 & 4.16

vs
vs  is R or is 
R

Circuit Theorems 20
 Equivalent Circuits

i i

+ +
v  iR  vs
v v vs v
i 
R R
- -

v
vs
-is

Circuit Theorems 21
 Arrow of the current source
positive terminal of voltage source
 Impossible source Transformation
● ideal voltage source (R = 0)
● ideal current source (R=)

Circuit Theorems 22
 Example 4.6

 Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit

in Fig 4.17.

Circuit Theorems 23
 Example 4.6

Fig 4.18

Circuit Theorems 24
 Example 4.6

we use current division in Fig.4.18(c) to get

2
i (2)  0.4A
28
and
vo  8i  8(0.4)  3.2V

Circuit Theorems 25
 Example 4.7

 Find vx in Fig.4.20 using source transformation

Circuit Theorems 26
 Example 4.7

Applying KVL around the loop in Fig 4.21(b) gives

 3  5i  vx  18  0 (4.7.1)
Appling KVL to the loop containing only the 3V
voltage source, the1 resistor, and vx yields
(4.7.2)
 3  1i  vx  0  vx  3  i
Circuit Theorems 27
 Example 4.7

Substituting this into Eq.(4.7.1), we obtain

15  5i  3  0  i  4.5A
Alternatively

 vx  4i  vx  18  0  i  4.5A
thus

vx  3  i  7.5V

Circuit Theorems 28
 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem

 Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-

terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series
with a resistor RTh where VTh is the open circuit
voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or
equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent source are turn off.

Circuit Theorems 29
 Property of Linear Circuits

i
+
Any two-terminal v Slope=1/Rth
Linear Circuits
- v
Vth
Isc

Circuit Theorems 30
 Fig. 4.23

Circuit Theorems 31
 How to Find Thevenin’s Voltage
 Equivalent circuit: same voltage-current relation at
the terminals.

VTh  voc : open circuit voltageat a  b

Circuit Theorems 32
 How to Find Thevenin’s Resistance

RTh  Rin :
input  resistanceof the deadcircuit at a  b.
 a  b open circuited
 Turn off all independent sources

Circuit Theorems 33
CASE 1
 If the network has no dependent sources:
● Turn off all independent source.
● RTH: can be obtained via simplification of either parallel
or series connection seen from a-b

Circuit Theorems 34
 Fig. 4.25
CASE 2
 If the network has dependent
sources
● Turn off all independent sources.
● Apply a voltage source vo at a-b

vo
RTh 
io
● Alternatively, apply a current
source io at a-b
vo
RTh 
io
Circuit Theorems 35
 Fig. 4.26

Simplified circuit

VTh
IL 
RTh  RL

RL
VL  RL I L  VTh
RTh  RL

Voltage divider

Circuit Theorems 36
 Example 4.8

 Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of the circuit

shown in Fig 4.27, to the left of the terminals a-b.
Then find the current through RL = 6,16,and 36 .

Circuit Theorems 37
 Find Rth

RTh : 32V voltagesource  short

2A current source  open
4  12
RTh  4 || 12  1   1  4
16

Circuit Theorems 38
 Find Vth

VTh :
(1) Mesh analysis
 32  4i1  12(i1  i2 )  0 , i2  2A
i1  0.5A
VTh  12(i1  i2 )  12(0.5  2.0)  30V
(2) Alternatively, NodalAnalysis
(32  VTh ) / 4  2  VTh / 12
VTh  30V

Circuit Theorems 39
 Example 4.8

(3) Alternatively, sourcetransform

32  VTH VTH
2
4 12
96  3VTH  24  VTH  VTH  30V

Fig. 4.29
Circuit Theorems 40
 Example 4.8

To get iL :
VTh 30
iL  
RTh  RL 4  RL
RL  6  I L  30 / 10  3A
RL  16  I L  30 / 20  1.5A
RL  36 I L  30 / 40  0.75A

Circuit Theorems 41
 Example 4.9

 Find the Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit in Fig.

4.31 at terminals a-b.

Circuit Theorems 42
 Example 4.9

 (independent + dependent source case)

To find RTh : Fig(a)

independent source 0
dependent source  intact
vo 1
vo  1V, RTh  
io io

Circuit Theorems 43
 Example 4.9

 For loop 1,

 2vx  2(i1  i2 )  0 or vx  i1  i2
But  4i  vx  i1  i2
 i1  3i2

Circuit Theorems 44
 Example 4.9

Loop 2 and 3 :
4i2  2(i2  i1 )  6(i2  i3 )  0
6(i3  i2 )  2i3  1  0

Solving these equations gives

i3  1/ 6A.
1
But io  i3  A
6
1V
 RTh   6
io
Circuit Theorems 45
 Example 4.9

To get VTh : Fig(b) Mesh analysis

i1  5
 2vx  2(i3  i2 )  0  vx  i3  i2
4(i2  i1 )  2(i2  i1 )  6i2  0  12i2  4i1  2i3  0
But 4(i1  i2 )  vx
i2  10 / 3.
VTh  voc  6i2  20V

Circuit Theorems 46
 Example 4.10

 Determine the Thevenin’s

equivalent circuit in
Fig.4.35(a).
 Solution
(dependentsourceonly case)
vo
VTh  0 RTh 
io
Nodalanaysis :
io  ix  2ix  vo / 4

Circuit Theorems 47
 Example 4.10

But ix  0  v v
o
 o
2 2
vo vo vo vo
io  ix       or vo  4io
4 2 4 4
vo
Thus RTh   4 : Supplying power
io

Circuit Theorems 48
 Example 4.10

Circuit Theorems 49
 Example 4.10

Circuit Theorems 50
 4.6 Norton’s Theorem

 Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal

circuit can be replaced by equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a
resistor RN where IN is the short-circuit current
through the terminals and RN is the input or
equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent source are turn off.

Circuit Theorems 51
 Fig. 4.37

Slope=1/RN
v
Vth
-IN

Circuit Theorems 52
 How to Find Norton Current

 Thevenin and Norton

resistances are equal:
RN  RTh
 Short circuit current
from a to b :

VTh
I N  isc 
RTh

Circuit Theorems 53
 Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit :
 The open circuit voltage voc across terminals a and
b
 The short circuit current isc at terminals a and b
 The equivalent or input resistance Rin at terminals
a and b when all independent source are turn off.

V Th  v oc
I N  i sc
V Th
R Th   RN
R Th
Circuit Theorems 54
 Example 4.11

 Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in

Fig 4.39.

Circuit Theorems 55
 Example 4.11

To find RN Fig 4.40(a) :

RN  5 || (8  4  8)
20  5
 5 || 20   4
25

Circuit Theorems 56
 Example 4.11

To find iN (Fig.4.40(b))
short  circuit terminals a and b .
Mesh : i1  2A, 20i2  4i1  i2  0
i2  1A  isc  IN

Circuit Theorems 57
 Example 4.11

Alternative methodfor IN VTh

IN 
RTh
VTh : open  circuit voltage across terminals a and b
( Fig 4.40(c)) :

Mesh analysis:
i 3  2 A, 25 i 4  4 i 3  12  0
 i 4  0 .8 A
 voc  VTh  5i 4  4V

Circuit Theorems 58
 Example 4.11

Hence, VTh
IN   4 / 4  1A
RTh

Circuit Theorems 59
 Example 4.12

 Using Norton’s theorem, find RN and IN of the

circuit in Fig 4.43 at terminals a-b.

Circuit Theorems 60
 Example 4.12

To find RN Fig .4 .44 ( a )

 4 resistorshorted
 5 || v || 2i : Parallel
o x
Hence, ix  vo / 5  1/ 5  0.2

vo 1
 RN    5
io 0.2

Circuit Theorems 61
 Example 4.12

To find I N Fig . 4 . 44 ( b )

 4 ||10v || 5 || 2ix : Parallel

10  0
ix   2.5A,
4 10
isc  ix  2 ix   2(2.5)  7 A
5
 I N  7A

Circuit Theorems 62
 4.8 Maximum Power Trandfer

2
2  VTH 
p  i RL    RL
 RTH  RL 

Fig 4.48

Circuit Theorems 63
 Fig. 4.49

 Maximum power is transferred to the load when

the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance
as seen the load (RL = RTH).

Circuit Theorems 64
 2
dp 2  ( RTH  RL )  2 RL ( RTH  RL ) 
 VTH  4 
dRL  ( RTH  R L ) 
 ( RTH  RL  2 RL ) 
2
V  TH 3  0
 ( RTH  RL ) 
0  ( RTH  RL  2 RL )  ( RTH  RL )
RL  RTH
2
V
pmax  TH
4 RTH
Circuit Theorems 65
 Example 4.13

 Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer

in the circuit of Fig. 4.50. Find the maximum
power.

Circuit Theorems 66
 Example 4.13

6  12
RTH  2  3  6 12  5   9
18

Circuit Theorems 67
 Example 4.13

 12  18i1  12i2 , i2  2 A
 12  6ii 1  3i2  2(0)  VTH  0  VTH  22V
RL  RTH  9
2 2
V 22
pmax  
TH
 13.44W
4 RL 4  9

Circuit Theorems 68