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DI-Imaging of Head Trauma 2009 TN
DI-Imaging of Head Trauma 2009 TN
July 2009
OUTLINE
Clinical indications for imaging
Imaging technique
Extraaxial hemorrhage
Intraaxial injury
Brain herniations
Skull fractures
INTRODUCTION
Head trauma is the leading cause of
Classification of TBI
Primary
Injury to scalp, skull fracture
Surface contusion/laceration
Intracranial hematoma
Diffuse axonal injury, diffuse vascular injury
Secondary
IMAGING TECHNIQUE
The presence of a skull fracture increases the
IMAGING TECHNIQUE
CT without contrast is the modality of
OUR CT PROTOCOLS
ROUTINE: posterior fossa and
APPROACH TO CT BRAIN
Look at the scout film: ? Fracture of upper
SCALP INJURY
SCALP INJURY
Cephalohematoma: blood between the bone
Subarachnoid hemorrage
Can originate from direct vessel injury,
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
Occurs between the dura and arachnoid
Can cross the sutures but not the dural
reflections
Due to disruption of the bridging cortical
veins
Hypodense(hyperacute, chronic),
isodense(subacute), hyperdense(acute)
W=33 L=41
MANAGEMENT OF aSDH
Acute SDH with thickness > 10 mm or
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
Located between the skull and
periosteum
Due to laceration of the middle
meningeal artery or dural veins
Can cross dural reflections but is limited
by suture lines
Lentiform shape (but concave shape in
SDH)
MANAGEMENT OF aEDH
EDH > 30 cm3 should be evacuated.
EDH < 30 cm3 and <15 mm thickness
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Most commonly due to rupture of
subependymal vessels
Can occur from reflux of SAH or
contiguous extension of an intracerebral
hemorrhage
Look for blood-cerebrospinal fluid level
in occipital horns
INTRA-AXIAL INJURY
Surface contusion/laceration
Intraparenchymal hematoma
White matter shearing injury/diffuse
axonal injury
Post-traumatic infarction
Brainstem injury
CONTUSION/LACERATIONS
Most common source of traumatic SAH
Contusion: must involve the superficial gray
matter
Laceration: contusion + tear of pia-arachnoid
Affects the crests of gyri
Hemorrhage present cases and occur at
right angles to the cortical surface
Located near the irregular bony contours:
poles of frontal lobes, temporal lobes, inferior
cerebellar hemispheres
From http://
neuropathology.neouc
om.edu
/
Dr.Agamanolis
Intraparenchymal hematoma
Focal collections of blood that most
DAI
Due to acceleration/deceleration to
DAI
Hours:
hemorrhages
macrophages, astrocytosis
Months/years: Wallerian degeneration
From
http://neuropathology.neo
ucom.edu/
Dr.Agamanolis
AXIAL FLAIR
AXIAL T2 GRADIENT-ECHO
BRAINSTEM INJURY
By direct or indirect forces
Most commonly associated with DAI
Involves the dorsolateral midbrain and upper
BRAIN HERNIATIONS
SUBFALCIAL HERNIATION
Subfalcial: displacement of the
UNCAL HERNIATION
Displacement of the medial temporal lobe
DOWNWARD HERNIATION
Caudal displacement of the thalamus
and midbrain
Effacement of the perimensencephalic
cistern and 4th ventricle.
Can cause a 3rd nerve palsy and disrupt
pontine vessels leading to brainstem
hemorrhage
UPWARD HERNIATION
Due to posterior fossa mass causing
TONSILLAR HERNIATION
Inferior displacement of the cerebellar
EXTERNAL HERNIATION
Due to a defect in the skull in
SIGNIFICANT SKULL
FRACTURES
Depressed: inner table is depressed
TEMPORAL BONE
FRACTURES
Look for opacification of the mastoid
Longitudinal: 70%, parallel to long axis
POST TRAUMATIC
SEQUELAE
Carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF)
Dissection/pseudoaneurysm
Infarction
Atrophy/encephalomalacia
Infection
Leptomeningeal cyst