LIGHT EMITTING

POLYMER
BY
LAVANYA VAISHNAVI D.A.
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
SATHISHA N. HOD

OF ECE,R.L.J.I.T

Need this report mail me

iam_ vaishnavi@yahoo.com

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

AGENDA
Introduction
LEP
Construction and working
Ink jet printer
Active Matrix and passive Matrix
Basic principle and technology
Light emission
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Future application
Conclusion
Bibliography.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Introduction
After watching the breakfast news on TV,
you roll up the set like a large
handkerchief, and stuff it into your
briefcase.
Somewhere in the Kargil sector, a platoon
commander of the Indian Army readies for
the regular satellite updates that will give
him the latest terrain pictures of the border
in his sector.
All these are possible using
Light emitting polymer

LEP
10/17/16

LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER

Schematic of a 2-layer LEP:
1. Cathode (), 2. Emissive Layer, 3.
Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer,
5. Anode (+)

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

A voltage is applied across the LEP such that

the anode is positive with respect to the
cathode. This causes a current of electrons to
flow through the device from cathode to
anode.
Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and
the holes towards each other and they
recombine liberating light.
In organic semiconductors holes are more
mobile than electrons. The recombination
causes a drop in the energy levels of
electrons, accompanied by an emission of
radiation.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

CONSTRUCTION

Anode-

Indium Tin Oxide

Cathode- Aluminum
Polymer- poly phenylene vinylene

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Light-emitting devices consist of emitting

layers sandwiched between a cathode and an
anode.
Single-layer devices typically work only under
a forward DC bias.
In order to manufacture the polymer, a SPINCOATING MACHINE is used.
The robot pours the plastic over the rotating
plate, which, evenly spreads the polymer on
the plate. This results in an extremely fine
layer of the thickness of 100 nanometers.
Once the polymer is evenly spread, it is baked
in an oven to evaporate any remnant liquid
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

INK JET PRINTING

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Use of inkjet printing for PLED

displays
This technique is now at the forefront
of developments in digital electronic
materials deposition.
Red, green and blue polymer
solutions are jetted into well defined
areas with an angle of flight
deviation of less than 5.
The film thickness uniformity may
have to be better than 2 per cent..
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Active matrix
Active Matrix LEP displays are much
more complex.
Because they have a cathode layer
that is an integrated back plane
they are able to produce very high
resolution images and handle large
amounts of data at one time.
This display quality is made possible
by polysilicone thin-film-transistors
which have very high current
carrying capability and switching
speed.
Because of these TFTs, active
matrix displays have the ability to
control each individual pixel
independently.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Passive matrix
Passive Matrix LEP displays are the
simplest form of LEP.
These displays are useful in
providing limited information for
devices such as cell phones,
wristwatches, and other simple
display
applications.
The
construction of these OLEDs is
based on a set rib pattern of the
cathode materials and organic
layers.
Drivers at the end of each row or
column control where the voltage is
supplied, and subsequently which
ribs produce the image.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

BASIC PRINCIPLE AND

TECHNOLOGY

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

The properties of the spherical s orbital and

bimodal p orbitals combine into four equal ,
unsymmetrical , tetrahedral oriented hybridized sp 3
orbitals. This is known as a sigma bond
A conjugated pi bond refers to a carbon chain or
ring whose bonds alternate between single and
double (or triple) bonds. The bonding system tends
to form stronger bonds than might be first indicated
by a structure with single bonds
Unlike the sigma bond electrons, which are
trapped between the carbons, the pi bond
electrons have relative mobility.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

LIGHT EMISSION
Electroluminescence :
The energy is released when an electron from the

conduction band falls into a hole in the valence band.

The electronic device that accomplishes this electronhole interaction is that of a diode, which consists of
an n-type material (electron rich) interfaced with ptype material (hole rich).
The mobility of electrons and holes are limited to the
linear or branched directions of the molecule. The
efficiency of electron/hole transport between polymer
molecules is also unique to polymers.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Electron and hole mobility occurs as a

hopping mechanism which is significant

to the practical development of organic
emitting devices.
PPV has a fully conjugated backbone as a
consequence the HIGHEST OCCUPIED
MOLECULAR ORBIT (HOMO)of the

macromolecule stretches across the entire

chain, this kind of situation is ideal for the
transport of charge; in simple terms,
electrons can simply "hop" from one
orbital to the next since they are all linked.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Figure demonstration of the full conjugation of

The delocalized electron clouds are colored yellow.

PPV is a semiconductor. Semiconductors are so called

because they have conductivity that is midway

between that of a conductor and an insulator.
Semi-conductors require modest amounts of energy in
order to carry a current, and are used in technologies
such as transistors, microchips and LEDs.

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16


Band theory is used to explain the semi-conductance of

PPV.

In a diatomic molecule, a molecular orbital (MO) diagram

can be drawn showing a single HOMO and LUMO,
corresponding to a low energy orbital and a high
energy * orbital.

Every time an atom is added to the molecule a further

MO is added to the MO diagram. Thus for a PPV chain
which consists of ~1300 atoms involved in conjugation,
the LUMOs and HOMOs will be so numerous as to be
effectively continuous, this results in two bands, a
valence band (HOMOs, orbitals) and a conduction band
(LUMOs, * orbitals). PPV has a band gap of 2.2eV .
Figure shows a series of
orbital diagrams.

HOMO- highest occupied molecular orbit

LUMO-Lowest unoccupied molecular orbit

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

 A diatomic molecule has a bonding and an

anti-bonding orbital, two atomic orbitals

gives two molecular orbitals..
A single atom has one atomic obital
A triatomic molecule has three molecular
orbitals, as before one bonding, one antibonding, and in addition one non-bonding
orbital.
Many atoms results in so many closely
spaced orbitals that they are effectively
continuous. The orbital sets are called bands.
In this case the bands are separated by a
band gap.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Require only 3.3 volts and have lifetime of more

than 30,000 hours.

Low power consumption.
Self luminous.
No viewing angle dependence
OLED TVs are really thin - the Sony XEL-1 for

example is just 3mm thick. The new prototypes by

Sony are merely 0.3mm thick!
OLEDs have a much better viewing angle - almost
180 degrees.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

DISADVANTAGES

Because

they are made out of organic compounds, some

have a tendency to die out before others. Reds and
blues die first, leaving a very green display.
Red and green typically last between 10,000 and 40,000
hours, while blue compounds begin to die at around
1,000 hours. Additionally, the brightness to which your
display is set has a tremendous effect on longevity.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Engineering and Production

As in any new technology cost is usually a

barrier to mainstream production.

Water is also a problem in which engineers
need to solve before LEPs can be mass
marketed. Because the organic compounds
are water soluble it is necessary to create a
sealant that will keep out all moisture but
still keep the capabilities that make LEPs so
advantageous.
When these two hurdles can be overcome OLEDs

will become a very viable display alternative to

LCD, Plasma, and projection devices.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

APPLICATIONS
PHOTOVOLTAICS

PLED technology can be used in reverse,

to convert light into electricity. Devices
which convert light into electricity are
called photovoltaic (PV) devices, and are at
the heart of solar cells and light detectors.

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

POLY LED TV
LEPs TVs are really thin - the Sony XEL-1

for example is just 3mm thick. The new

prototypes by Sony are merely 0.3mm
thick!

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

TRANSPARENT OLEDS
While there seem to be zero to few readily

available uses of transparent OLEDs

(TOLEDs) in the consumer market today,
the technology exists for wide spread use
in the future.

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

NEWS AND INFORMATION

Imagine a day when you are reading a

newspaper that is capable of showing

pictures and video, is continuously
updating itself with the latest news via
Wi-Fi connection, and is also so thin and
flexible that you can roll it up and put it
in your backpack or briefcase.
That day may someday be a reality

thanks to OLED technology

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

ADVANCEMENTS IN THE HOME

One of the many possibilities

is to replace regular walls or

windows with similar sized
OLED installations which will
lead to user-definable
window spaces".
These walls will use
transparent OLEDs that will
make it possible to have
certain areas opaque while
other areas clear, depending
on what the homeowner
would like. Additionally, the
wall can be any color or
design that you want.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

OLED PASSPORT

Samsung SDI from Germany have

designed the OLED passport which is
claimed to be completely manipulationproof.
The OLED display will be able to
display both video and text containing
information about the passport holder.

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Conclusion
Organic electronics are already entering commercial
world. Multicolor automobile stereo displays are now
available from Pioneer Corp., of Tokyo.
Royal Philips Electronics, Amsterdam is gearing up to
produce PLED backlights to be used in LCDs and
organic ICs.
The first products using organic displays are already
in the market. And while it is always difficult to predict
when and what future products will be introduced
The portable and light weight organic displays will
soon cover our walls replacing the bulky and power
hungry cathode ray tubes.
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Bibliography.
www. cdtltd.co.uk
www. research.philips.com
www. covion.com
www.ieee.com
D.Rwdinger, R.Farshchi and V.Subramanian.
Inkjet passive component and plastic substrate.
2003 IEEE Device Research conference digest
pp.187-188, 2003
Josephine B.Lee and Vivek Subramanian. Ink Jet
Passive devices 2003 IEEE Device Research
conference digest, 2003
Light emitting polymer

10/17/16

Light emitting polymer

10/17/16