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Mineral Nutrition Ruminant
Mineral Nutrition Ruminant
Ruminants
Major Minerals
Functions
Structural
Nerve
Electrolytes
Osmotic
balance
Buffer in the rumen
Trace Minerals
Function
Enzyme
co-factor or component
Mineral Deficiencies
Milk Fever
Metabolic disease at/after parturition in
dairy cows
Rapid decrease in serum Ca because Ca is
lost to colostrum secretion
Symptoms included lack of appetite and
paralysis
Treatment is intravenous Ca borogluconate
Normal
Grass Tetany
Hypomagnesemia in ruminants
Usually following lush spring growth
Fertilizing with K or N make it worse
Symptoms include muscular twitching,
collapse, convulsion
Treatment
gluconate
Prevent with high Mag mineral (MagOx)
NRC, 1996
Mineral Toxicosis
Copper Toxicosis
ppm Cu
Excessive Cu builds up in Red Blood Cells,
causing Heinz-body formation and
methemoglobin production
Cant bind oxygen-chocolate blood
Release of hemoglobin damages kidneys
D-penicillamine
Ammonium
tetrathiomolybdate
Eructate-reinhale
Toxic in high amounts
Polioencephalomalacia
(PEM, brainers)
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
Terminology
Clinical signs
S induced PEM
plays a key role in the tri-carboxcylic acid cycle and pentose shunt
S Induced PEM
Oxidative Stress
of cellular respiration
Roles in cell signalling
Dangerous in excess
Oxygen Compound
Hydroxyl
Superoxide
Hydrogen
peroxide
Oxidative Stress
Effects
DNA damage
Lipid
peroxidation (oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids)
Inactivation of some enzymes (oxidation of
metal cofactors)
Antioxidant Capacity
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase
Antioxidant Capacity
Catalase
Hydrogen
Antioxidant Capacity
Glutathione peroxidase
Hydrogen
peroxide to water
Selenium dependent enzyme-4 selenium
atoms per molecule
Iodine
of body I- is in thyroid
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)-3 times more active than
T4
Controls rate of energy metabolism in cells
Iodine
Deficiency
goiter enlarged thyroid gland
Plants
Reduced growth
Impaired reproduction-dead, weak or
hairless young
Goiter in lamb
Selenium
peroxidase (antioxidant)
Iodothyronine 5-deiodinase-1 (T4 conversion to T3)
Selenium
Deficiency
Deficient
Reproductive
Cobalt
Essential component of B12
Required by ruminants
Rumen microorganisms synthesize B12
from cobalt
B12 dependent enzymes
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
Methionine
synthetase